Obituary Analysis and Describing a Life Lived: The Impact of Race, Gender, Age, and Economic Status

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Marks ◽  
Tommy Piggee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Health Department ◽  
State Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Racial Background ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Methodological Improvement ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

A Comparison Of The Sampling Distribution Of The 2,262 obituaries from the Sunday edition of The Arkansas Democrat Gazette, for the year 1993, was made with the actual mortality patterns of Arkansans, as reported by the state health department. The two distributions were found to be nearly identical on gender and age. This is a significant methodological improvement over previous methods used in obituary analysis that relied on using the ratio of obituaries to death notices as an indicator of mortality experience and then using that as a basis for evaluating the likelihood of obituary discrimination. We tested three hypotheses derived from a status continuum model. This model was based primarily on race and gender. Economic status of racial background was also taken into account as was age. Detailed analysis was done on the 4 percent ( n = 90) of the 2,262 obituaries accompanied by a photograph. Racial and gender differences existed regarding length and complexity of the obits. Whites were more likely than blacks to have longer and more complex obituaries. Blacks were more likely than whites to have a picture accompany their obituaries. Economic background of racial membership explains the differences found in length of the obituary. Evidence suggested a set of conditional relationships based on the interaction of race and gender. Within each racial community, those hypothesized to be of higher status were more likely to have a photograph accompany their obituary. Differences were found by race and gender on themes mentioned in the obituary. There were no significant differences within each racial group by gender on length of the obituary. Age was not related to length or number of themes in the obituaries.

scholarly journals Do Identity Frames Impact Support for Multiracial Candidates? The Case of Kamala Harris

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Katherine Clayton ◽  
Charles Crabtree ◽  
Yusaku Horiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Asian Woman ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Media Frames ◽  
Racial Background ◽  
The Media ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The number of multiracial candidates seeking office is growing in an increasingly diverse America. This raises questions about how the media frame candidates with potentially complex racial backgrounds and how voters respond to these frames. We investigate the impact of media frames that emphasize race and gender attributes using survey experiments on Kamala Harris—the first Black woman and first Asian woman vice president. Our findings are mixed. In a survey experiment conducted after her nomination, headlines emphasizing different elements of Harris’s race or gender had no impact on public attitudes. In an experiment conducted after Harris was inaugurated, however, headlines that cued her gender only or both her gender and her Black racial background boosted popular support. Taken together, these findings suggest that some types of identity-based cues may matter, but the effects are sensitive to experimental settings and contexts.

Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age on Criminal Punishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell Steffensmeier ◽  
Noah Painter-Davis ◽  
Jeffery Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender

Race, ethnicity, gender, and age are core foci within sociology and law/criminology. Also prominent is how these statuses intersect to affect behavioral outcomes, but statistical studies of intersectionality are rare. In the area of criminal sentencing, an abundance of studies examine main and joint effects of race and gender but few investigate in detail how these effects are conditioned by defendant’s age. Using recent Pennsylvania sentencing data and a novel method for analyzing statistical interactions, we examine the main and combined effects of these statuses on sentencing. We find strong evidence for intersectionality: Harsher sentences concentrate among young black males and Hispanic males of all ages, while the youngest females (regardless of race/ethnicity) and some older defendants receive leniency. The focal concerns model of sentencing that frames our study has strong affinity with intersectionality perspectives and can serve as a template for research examining the ways social statuses shape inequality.

Digital Mediation, Soft Cabs, and Spatial Labour

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Donald N. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Home Care Providers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Critics of digitally mediated labour platforms (often called the “sharing” or “gig economy”) have focused on the character and extent of the control exerted by these platforms over both workers and customers, and in particular on the precarizing impact on the workers on whose labor the services depend. Less attention has been paid to the specifically spatial character of the forms of work targeted by mobile digital platforms. The production and maintenance of urban social space has always been dependent, to a large degree, on work that involves the crossing of spatial boundaries - particularly between public and private spaces, but also crossing spaces segregated by class, race, and gender. Delivery workers, cabdrivers, day labourers, home care providers, and similar boundary-crossers all perform spatial work: the work of moving between and connecting spaces physically, experientially, and through representation. Spatial work contributes to the production and reproduction of social space; it is also productive of three specific, though interrelated, products: physical movement from one place to another; the experience of this movement; and the articulation of these places, experiences, and movements with visions of society and of the social. Significantly, it is precisely such spatial work, and its products, which mobile digital platforms seek most urgently to transform. Drawing on several recent studies of “ridesharing” (or soft cab) labour platforms, I interrogate the impact of digital mediation on the actual practices involved in spatial work. I argue that the roll-out of digital labour platforms needs to be understood in terms of a struggle over the production of social space.

Progress Toward Increasing Women’s and Minorities’ Access to Top State Government Jobs?

2021 ◽  
pp. 009102602110565
Author(s):  
Greg Lewis ◽  
Jonathan Boyd ◽  
Rahul Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
State Government ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Good News ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Veteran Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of qualifications and hiring advantages on women’s and minorities’ access to state government jobs, both in managerial and high-salary positions and overall. It also looks at how race and gender differences in representation have changed since 1990 and how they compare with the private sector. All groups, except Latino and Asian men, are more likely than White men to work for state governments, and all groups are more likely to do so than comparable White men. White men remain more likely to be managers and to earn top-decile salaries than comparable White women and people of color. Differences in education, experience, veteran status, and citizenship contribute, in different ways, to each group’s underrepresentation at top levels, but sizable unexplained gaps remain. The good news is that access to top jobs is better in state governments than in the private sector and has improved since 1990.

37. Sentencing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ashworth ◽  
Julian V. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Sentencing represents the apex of the criminal process and is the most public stage of the criminal justice system. Controversial sentences attract widespread media coverage, intense public interest, and much public and political criticism. This chapter explores sentencing in the United Kingdom, and draws some conclusions with relevance to other common law jurisdictions. Sentencing has changed greatly in recent years, notably through the introduction of sentencing guidelines in England and Wales, and more recently, Scotland. However, there are still doubts about the fairness and consistency of sentencing practice, not least in the use of imprisonment. Among the key issues to be examined in this chapter are the tendency towards net-widening, the effects of race and gender, the impact of pleading guilty, the use of indeterminate sentences, the rise of mandatory sentences, and the role of the victim in the sentencing process. The chapter begins by outlining the methods by which cases come before the courts for sentencing. It then summarizes the specific sentences available to courts and examines current sentencing patterns, before turning to a more detailed exploration of sentencing guidelines, and of the key issues identified above. The chapter addresses two critical questions: What is sentencing (namely who exerts the power to punish)? Does sentencing in the UK measure up to appropriate standards of fairness and consistency?

scholarly journals Visualizing Police Exposure by Race, Gender, and Age in New York City

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311982891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalisha Dessources Figures ◽  
Joscha Legewie
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Black Men ◽  
York City ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
And Gender

This figure depicts the disparities in average police stops in New York City from 2004 to 2012, disaggregated by race, gender, and age. Composed of six bar charts, each graph in the figure provides data for a particular population at the intersection of race and gender, focusing on black, white, and Hispanic men and women. Each graph also has a comparative backdrop of the data on police stops for black males. All graphs take a similar parabolic shape, showing that across each race-gender group, pedestrian stops increase in adolescence and peek in young adulthood, then taper off across the adult life course. However, the heights of these parabolic representations are vastly different. There are clear disparities in police exposure based on race and gender, with black men and women being more likely than their peers to be policed and with black men being policed significantly more than their female counterparts.

American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena By Herbert B. Asher, Eric S. Heberlig, Randall B. Ripley, and Karen Snyder. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 207p. $69.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-630
Author(s):  
Glenn Perusek
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Labor

For more than a generation, as the authors rightly point out, the impact of organized labor on electoral politics has been neglected in scholarly literature. Indeed, only a tiny minority of social scientists explicitly focuses on organized labor in the United States. Although the impact of the social movements of the 1960s appeared to heighten awareness of the importance of class, race, and gender, class and its organized expression, the union movement, has received less attention, while studies of race and gender have flourished.

Legal Issues in Intergroup Relations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Communication Accommodation ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Jury Decisions ◽  
The Impact

An intergroup perspective in the legal context highlights the influence of group membership on the interaction between authorities and citizens. Social identity influences communication both in the field (e.g., police–civilian) and in the courtroom (e.g., juror deliberation). The research in the law enforcement context addresses trust in police officers, the communication accommodation between police and civilians, sociodemographic stereotypes impacting police–civilian encounters, the role of police media portrayals, and its influence on intergroup exchanges between police and civilians. Juries are inextricably influenced by group membership cues (e.g., race and gender), and differentiate those in the ingroup over the outgroup. The impact of stereotypes and intergroup bias is evident in the literature on jury decisions and the severity of punitive sentencing. These and other factors make the intergroup nature of the legal context significant, and they determine the interconnection between the parties involved. Specifically, the social identity approach brings focus to the biases, attributions, and overall evaluations of the perceived outgroup. The research indicates that diversity is necessary to alleviate the intergroup mindset, thereby encouraging a more interindividual viewpoint of those outgroup members.

scholarly journals Mycological Analysis of the Oral Cavity of Patients Using Acrylic Removable Dentures

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej W. Loster ◽  
Jolanta Loster ◽  
Aneta Wieczorek ◽  
Wojciech Ryniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Significant Statistical Difference ◽  
Oesophageal Mucosa ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Removable Denture ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mycological Examination ◽  
The Impact

Background. The problems of fungal infections in edentulous have been discussed in literature. Findings show that oral mycosis has an influence on the mycosis of oesophageal mucosa. Based on this we started to follow from 2007 in patients who wear dentures mycological examination, to evaluate changes of yeasts numbers, the sensitivity to antibiotics and determine the impact of types of prosthesis, time of using, gender and age of patients. 1230 patients who were wearing dentures participated in the retrospective study. The material for mycological examination was sampled as a smear from the palate. After the mycological identification ofCandidaspecies and assessment of growth, the susceptibility testing with Fluconazole and Nystatin was made. The number of 23Candidaspecies was diagnosed microbiologically in five years.C. albicansandC. glabratawere increasing in number—from 33,7% to 46,9% and 6,7% to 14,0%, respectively. There was a significant statistical difference between yeasts growth and gender (P=0,017<0.05). The conclusion is that a large percentage of persons wearing removable denture has been affected byCandidaspecies and that could lead to the mycosis of farther gastrointestinal tract sections. The mycological examination before treatment, especially in patients using acrylic denture, appears to be necessary.

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