Age Differences in Dreams. I: Men's Dreams and Thematic Apperceptive Fantasy

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Zepelin
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Shift ◽  
At Home

Is there a covert, middle-age shift towards passivity and lowered ego energy? Age differences were investigated in dreams recalled from REM sleep by fifty-eight well-educated men age twenty-seven to sixty-four, and also in their TAT stories and dreams recalled from sleep at home. There was no confirmation of previous findings, although there was evidence of a slight age-related decline of aggression in dreams. These results raise the possibility that previous findings reflect cohort differences rather than age changes. Dreams and TAT stories failed to correlate sufficiently to warrant any assumption that they are interchangeable or that they tap covert processes.

Age Differences in Dreams. II: Distortion and other Variables

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Zepelin
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Dream Content ◽  
Age Related ◽  
At Home

Age-related change in manifest dream content was assessed in dreams recalled from REM sleep by fifty-eight men aged twenty-seven to sixty-four and in dreams recalled from sleep at home. There was evidence of a small age-related decline in dream distortion (bizarreness) and family-related content, with family-related content most prominent from ages thirty-five to fifty-five. Overall the effect of increasing age on dream content is slight.

Age Differences in Face Processing: The Role of Perceptual Degradation and Holistic Processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Boutet ◽  
Bozana Meinhardt-Injac
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

Abstract Objectives We simultaneously investigated the role of three hypotheses regarding age-related differences in face processing: perceptual degradation, impaired holistic processing, and an interaction between the two. Methods Young adults (YA) aged 20–33-year olds, middle-age adults (MA) aged 50–64-year olds, and older adults (OA) aged 65–82-year olds were tested on the context congruency paradigm, which allows measurement of face-specific holistic processing across the life span (Meinhardt-Injac, Persike & Meinhardt, 2014. Acta Psychologica, 151, 155–163). Perceptual degradation was examined by measuring performance with faces that were not filtered (FSF), with faces filtered to preserve low spatial frequencies (LSF), and with faces filtered to preserve high spatial frequencies (HSF). Results We found that reducing perceptual signal strength had a greater impact on MA and OA for HSF faces, but not LSF faces. Context congruency effects were significant and of comparable magnitude across ages for FSF, LSF, and HSF faces. By using watches as control objects, we show that these holistic effects reflect face-specific mechanisms in all age groups. Discussion Our results support the perceptual degradation hypothesis for faces containing only HSF and suggest that holistic processing is preserved in aging even under conditions of reduced signal strength.

Frequency and Intensity of Daydreaming: Age Changes and Age Differences from Late Adolescent to the Old-Old

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Giambra
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Current Concern ◽  
Adult Age Differences

Daydreaming likelihood and intensity were examined through responses to the Imaginal Processes Inventory. Giambra [1–8] and McCraven and Singer [9] have demonstrated adult age differences and seven-year changes. These earlier studies were expanded by increasing the size and diversity of the cross-sectional ( n = 2791, 17–95 yrs. old) and 5.45–9.54 year longitudinal samples ( n = 886) and by adding 11.45–16.67 year ( n = 628) and 17.40–23.44 year ( n = 290) longitudinal samples. Clear age differences and age changes occurred in daydream likelihood and intensity. Biological speed and efficiency of information-processing, current concern, attentional strategy, memory deficit, and age-related differences in response honesty explanations were evaluated.

Age Differences in the Social Associative Learning of Trust Information

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Alexander P. Christensen ◽  
Katherine Senn ◽  
Jessica Cooper ◽  
Brittany Shane Cassidy
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

Trust is a key component of social interaction. Older adults, however, often exhibit excessive trust relative to younger adults. One explanation is that older adults may learn to trust differently than younger adults. Here, we examine how younger (N=33) and older adults (N=30) learn to trust over time. Participants completed a classic iterative trust game with three partners. Younger and older adults shared similar amounts but differed in how they shared money. Compared to younger adults, older adults invested more with untrustworthy partners and less with trustworthy partners. As a group, older adults displayed less learning than younger adults. However, computational modeling shows that this is because older adults are more likely to forget what they have learned over time. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed several age-related differences in neural processing. Younger adults showed prediction error signals in social processing areas while older adults showed over-recruitment of several cortical areas. Collectively, these findings suggest that older adults attend to and learn from social cues differently from younger adults.

Characteristics influencing high-risk sexual behaviours in elderly men

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui-Yuan Xiao ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
Ying Hu ◽  
Dou Qu ◽  
Min-Qing Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Age Related

With the objective of investigating the characteristics influencing high-risk sexual behaviours in elderly men (60–74 years of age) in Chongqing, China, a total of 1433 healthy elderly men with sexual intercourse frequencies of one to six times/month who were willing to participate in the questionnaires were studied at four hospitals. We measured serum testosterone levels and performed follow-ups every six months, with a total of 1128 elderly men followed up after two years. We also investigated socio-economic and demographic characteristics (age, education, income, location, marital status and number of marriages), types of sexual partners, age differences with fixed sexual partners, frequency of sexual intercourse, combined basic age-related diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) education, elderly self-care ability and high-risk sexual behaviours (frequency of sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners) using questionnaires. We analysed the influencing factors of high-risk sexual behaviours in elderly men using a univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, BP neural network prediction and cluster analysis. Finally, we found that serum total testosterone, age, types of sexual partners, age differences with fixed partners and frequency of sexual intercourse are five factors that influence high-risk sexual behaviours in elderly men.

Further analyses of the effects of practice, dropout, sex, socio-economic advantage, and recruitment cohort differences during the University of Manchester longitudinal study of cognitive change in old age

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1859-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Rabbitt ◽  
Mary Lunn ◽  
Said Ibrahim ◽  
Lynn McInnes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
The University

A sample of 4,314 volunteers who, when first recruited, were aged from 41 to 93 years were quadrennially tested from 2 to 4 occasions during the next 4 to 20 years on the Cattell Culture Fair intelligence test, 2 tests of information-processing speed, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) vocabulary test, and 3 memory tests. After significant effects of practice, sex, demographics, socio-economic advantage, and recruitment cohort had been identified and considered, performance on all tests declined with age. These age-related declines accelerated for the Cattell and WAIS, 2 tests of information speed, and 2 of the memory tests. For all tests individuals’ trajectories of age-related change diverged with increasing age but, unexpectedly, were not affected by demographic factors. Practice gains from an initial experience of the cognitive tests remained undiminished as the interval before the second experience increased from 4 to 8 + years.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on interference control: age affects reactive control but not proactive control

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfang Peng ◽  
Qin Zhu ◽  
Biye Wang ◽  
Jie Ren
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background Working memory updating (WMU), a controlled process to continuously adapt to the changing task demand and environment, is crucial for cognitive executive function. Although previous studies have shown that the elderly were more susceptible to cognitive interference than the youngsters, the picture of age-related deterioration of WMU is incomplete due to lack of study on people at their middle ages. Thus, the present study investigated the impact of age on the WMU among adults by a cross-sectional design to verify whether inefficiency interference control accounts for the aging of WMU. Methods In total, 112 healthy adults were recruited for this study; 28 old adults (21 female) ranging from 60 to 78 years of age; 28 middle-age adults (25 female) ranging from 45 to 59 years of age; 28 adults (11 female) ranging from 26 to 44 years of age; and 28 young adults (26 female) ranging from 18 to 25 years of age. Each participant completed a 1-back task. The inverse efficiency score was calculated in various sequences of three trials in a row to quantify the performance of WMU for adults of various ages. Results Inverse efficiency score of both young groups (young adult and adult) were significantly shorter than the old group in both Repeat-Alternate (RA, including □□○ and ○○□) and Alternate-Alternate (AA, including ○□○ and □○□) sequential patterns and they were additionally better than the middle-age group in AA sequential pattern. Conclusion With the increase of difficulty in the task, the difference in reactive interference control between young and middle age was gradually revealed, while the difference between young and old remained to apparent. The degradation of WMU aging may begin from middle-age and presents selective impairment in that only reactive interference control, but not proactive interference control, shows pronounced age-related decline. The preliminary results can inform future studies to further explore the whole lifespan trajectories of cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Adult age differences in subjective responses to dynamic socioemotional incentives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Galen McAllister ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Kendra Leigh Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adult Age Differences

Facial expressions are powerful communicative social signals that motivate feelings and action in the observer. However, research on incentive motivation has overwhelmingly focused on money and points and the limited research on social incentives has been mostly focused on responses in young adulthood. Previous research on the age-related positivity effect and adult age differences in social motivation suggest that older adults might experience higher levels of positive arousal to socioemotional stimuli than younger adults. Affect ratings following dynamic emotional expressions (anger, happiness, sadness) varying in magnitude of expression showed that higher magnitude expressions elicited higher arousal and valence ratings. Older adults did not differ significantly in levels of arousal when compared to younger adults, however their ratings of emotional valence were significantly higher as the magnitude of expressions increased. The findings provide novel evidence that socioemotional incentives may be relatively more reinforcing as adults age. More generally, these dynamic socioemotional stimuli that vary in magnitude are ideal for future studies of more naturalistic affect elicitation, studies of social incentive processing, and use in incentive-driven choice tasks.

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