Fundamental Demands on the Construction of a Theoretical Object of Strictly Scientific Empirical Studies of Literature

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Nierlich
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
Object Theory ◽  
Object Of Knowledge

When we start out from the assumption that theories can never adequately represent an unknowable realm of stimulators of our senses, this implies the construction even of the objects themselves of scientific empirical theories, which is here taken to be wholly dependent on practically relevant explanatory purposes for the advancement of practical capacities only. This also means that explanatory empirical theories alone can be scientific empirical theories in a strict sense, whereas descriptive empirical theories, as implying the assumption of some fundamental substance-construct, may only be justified within science insofar as they fulfill an adequate service function of some required data acquisition. This article, being also based on the constructivist point of view that there is no independent object of knowledge at all, consists for a large part in a sketch of a sequence of object-constructs as resulting from different and successively more effective ways of making attempts at survival in the evolution of mankind and the development of its social practice. The object-construct of scientific empirical explanatory theories as the latest of them is here conceived as empirical practical quasi-action with the function of enabling new know-that for the improvement of practical capacities in various fields of our highly specified practice. As special kinds of empirical practical quasi-actions for a future fruitful construction of objects of scientific empirical explanatory theories are here proposed: process (in a narrow sense), origination of meaning, and origination of a practical action. It must be understood as a “political” decision when the author intends to develop an object-theory of scientific empirical studies of literature as that of originations of a kind of communicative cooperative practical actions.

scholarly journals Evaluative Categories of Action and Identity in Non-Evaluative Human Studies Research: Examples from Ethnomethodology

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-30
Author(s):  
Tim J. Berard
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
Logical Grammar ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Ethnomethodologists have emphasized the pragmatic and contextual nature of description as a variety of social practice, and have suggested the ramifications of this insight for the methodology and philosophy of the social sciences. However, ethnomethodologists have thereby invited difficult questions about the moral and analytic status of their own descriptions. Drawing on Atkinson’s study of suicide verdicts and Coulter’s writings on schizophrenia, ethnomethodological scholarship is shown to display the possibility and promise of disinterested description, even when the subject matter involves the evaluation of problematic actions and identities. The combination of Wittgensteinian logical grammar and empirical studies of natural language use, suggested by Coulter, is presented as especially relevant and remarkable for purposes of studying social practices including describing, naming, categorizing, classifying, labeling, diagnosing, reaching a verdict, and kindred practices of language use conceived as varieties of practical action.

The Revolutionizing of the Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
French Government ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

In 1792, the French Revolution became a thing in itself, an uncontrollable force that might eventually spend itself but which no one could direct or guide. The governments set up in Paris in the following years all faced the problem of holding together against forces more revolutionary than themselves. This chapter distinguishes two such forces for analytical purposes. There was a popular upheaval, an upsurge from below, sans-culottisme, which occurred only in France. Second, there was the “international” revolutionary agitation, which was not international in any strict sense, but only concurrent within the boundaries of various states as then organized. From the French point of view these were the “foreign” revolutionaries or sympathizers. The most radical of the “foreign” revolutionaries were seldom more than advanced political democrats. Repeatedly, however, from 1792 to 1799, these two forces tended to converge into one force in opposition to the French government of the moment.

scholarly journals Determinants of Corporate Anti-Corruption Disclosure: The Case of the Emerging Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3462
Author(s):  
Maider Aldaz Odriozola ◽  
Igor Álvarez Etxeberria
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Positive Effect

Corruption is a key factor that affects countries’ development, with emerging countries being a geographical area in which it tends to generate greater negative effects. However, few empirical studies analyze corruption from the point of view of disclosure by companies in this relevant geographical area. Based on a regression analysis using data from the 96 large companies from 15 emerging countries included in the 2016 International Transparency Report, this paper seeks to understand what determinants affect such disclosure. In that context, this paper provides empirical evidence to understand the factors that influence reporting on anti-corruption mechanisms in an area of high economic importance that has been little studied to date, pointing to the positive effect of press freedom in a country where the company is located and with the industry being the unique control variable that strengthens this relationship.

Inclusive vis-à-vis Exclusionary Constitution: An Analysis of the Current Constitutions of Nepal and Bhutan from Ethnic Lens

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962097863
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Pandey
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Parliamentary Democracy ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
Political Economic

Nepal and Bhutan, two Shangri-las of South Asia, share similar geo-political features but substantially differ in terms of demographic size and ethno-political history. The Constitution of Nepal 2015 which was promulgated by the second Constituent Assembly formed in 2013 came up with its inclusive character as it secured reasonable space for the ethnic minorities and owned their political, economic and cultural concerns. On the contrary, Bhutan adopted a different course in terms of accommodating ethnic and minority aspirations, although the country has also chosen parliamentary democracy in a narrow sense since 2008. From constitutional point of view, Nepal’s move from a liberal to an inclusive constitution made strenuous effort to bring all sections of Nepali society on board but Bhutan’s shift from a royal decree to an exclusionary constitution consciously left a large section of minority behind by suppressing their legitimate claims for basic democratic rights. This article explores the inclusive and exclusionary characters of the current constitutions of these countries from ethnic perspective.

Der Raum der Vorlesung: Vom Auditorium zum „multi media hub“

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-701
Author(s):  
Heiko Hausendorf ◽  
Kenan Hochuli ◽  
Johanna Jud ◽  
Alexandra Zoller
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lecture Hall ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Media ◽  
High Level

Abstract The present paper is concerned with the lecture hall as the natural home of lecturing. We will focus on constructed, designed and equipped space as a material and communicative manifestation of science which fundamentally contributes to the multimodal practice of lecturing. Taking an interactionist point of view, we start off with introducing our concept of architecture-for-interaction which aims at spatial built-in features as a resource for social interaction, namely for situational anchoring among those present. In a second step, we identify key architectural elements of the lecture hall as material sediments of communicative problems connected with the social practice of lecturing. In doing so, we will also give a high-level overview of the historical development of the lecture hall (and its precursors) since the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Turning to current data from lecturing in times of the pandemic, we will then deal with so called „ghost lectures“ behind closed doors. This current development brings out a refiguration process due to which the lecture hall undergoes a change from the classical auditorium with copresent participants to a multi-media hub allowing for tele-present participants.

scholarly journals Valuing the Future, Discounting in Random Environments: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Masoliver ◽  
Miquel Montero ◽  
Josep Perelló ◽  
J. Doyne Farmer ◽  
John Geanakoplos
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Random Environments ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Price Of Risk ◽  
Future Discounting ◽  
Pricing Theory ◽  
Risk Neutral Measures ◽  
Far Future

We address the process of discounting in random environments which allows to value the far future in economic terms. We review several approaches to the problem regarding different well-established stochastic market dynamics in the continuous-time context and include the Feynman-Kac approach. We also review the relation between bond pricing theory and discount and introduce the market price of risk and the risk neutral measures from an intuitive point of view devoid of excessive formalism. We provide the discount for each economic model and discuss their key results. We finally present a summary of our previous empirical studies on several countries of the long-run discount problem.

State of Emergency and Humanitarian Law — On Article 75 of Additional Protocol I

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (242) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Géza Herczegh
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Law Of War ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
The Individual

In a rich and abundant literature on the subject of international humanitarian law, two trends in the interpretation of the term “humanitarian law” stand out: one takes it in its broad meaning, the other in a narrow sense. According to the definition by Jean S. Pictet, humanitarian law, in the broad interpretation, is constituted by all the international legal provisions, whether written or customary, ensuring respect for the individual and the development of his life. Humanitarian law includes two branches: the law of war and human rights. The law of war, still following Professor Pictet's definition, can be subdivided into two sections, that of The Hague, or the law of war, in the strict sense, and that of Geneva, or humanitarian law, in the narrow sense. It is often difficult to distinguish clearly between these branches of law, and especially between the law of The Hague and the law of Geneva, because of the reciprocal influence each has had on the development of the other, to the extent that some well-known experts considered the traditional difference between them out-of-date and superfluous.

THE DELIMITATION OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PRESIDENT OF POLAND WITH RESPECT TO ITS CONSTITUTIONALIZATION – SELECTED PROBLEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Olgierd Abramski
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Constitutional Level ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Legal Foundations

The legal foundations of the responsibility of the head of state are significant from the point of view of determining its political position and exercising administrative social control over the institution of the state. The mechanisms of institutionalizing the President’s responsibility established in Poland generally fulfill a protective role, but do not fully achieve the control and guarantee function for a democratic state of law. The structure of the constitutional and criminal liability of the Speaker of the Sejm or Senate, performing, pro tempore, the duties of the head of state, and the scope of the President’s responsibility partially have not been regulated at the constitutional level. These are controversial solutions from the standpoint of the hierarchy of norms and social practice

Educational and Democratic Potential of Digital Games in e-Government

2012 ◽  
pp. 706-720
Author(s):  
Erkki Patokorpi ◽  
Sami Leppimäki ◽  
Franck Tétard
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Serious Games ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Learning Support ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
Civic Society ◽  
Civic Skills

Digital games have, or can be made to have, certain characteristics that make them suitable for education, communication, and the promotion of civic skills in e-Government: hypertextuality, interactivity, reusability, updateability, object-likeness, reprogrammability, personalizability, multimodality, and so forth. From the citizens’ point of view, the functions of societal games can be divided into learning support and the enhancement of participation in society. Enlightened participation in the civic society requires both. Learning by games should promote the understanding of complex social issues and their mutual relationships. For learning to act as a springboard to informed action, one would also have to understand the consequences of actions and events. Consequently, learning by playing serious games is best understood as reasoned practical action in a virtual world.

Conditions and Key Success Factors for the Management of Communities of Practice

2010 ◽  
pp. 184-207
Author(s):  
Edurne Loyarte ◽  
Olga Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Key Success Factors ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Learning At Work ◽  
Radical Type

Communities of practice (CoPs) have been taken into account by both practitioners and academics during the last ten years. From a strategic point of view, CoPs have shown their importance for the management of organizational knowledge by offering repositories of knowledge, improved capacity of making knowledge actionable and operational (Brown & Duguid, 1998) and by facilitating maintenance, reproduction, and extension of knowledge (Brown and Durguid, 2001). CoPs are also reported to achieve value creation and competitive advantages (Davenport and Prusak, 1998), learning at work (Swan et alt., 2002) that promotes organizational competitiveness (Furlong and Johnson, 2003), innovation, even a radical type (Swan et alt., 2002), responsiveness, improved staff skills and reduced duplication (du Plessis, 2008). This impressive list of achievements is not for free; some authors have pointed out the limits of CoP’s (Duguid, 2005; Roberts, 2006; Amin & Roberts, 2008) from diverse points of view, including diversity of working environments, size, spatial or relational proximity, but mainly emphasizing the specificity of CoPs as a social practice paradigm, as it was defined by Wenger (1999, 2000) credited as the “inventor” of the term “CoP” (Lave and Wenger, 1991). This chapter focuses on the consideration of CoPs as an organizational reality than can be managed (Thompson, 2005), the contradictions that the idea of managing them generates, and how these controversial points can be overcome in a sound and honest way. To do so, we review different cases of CoP’s within organizations intended for the managerial team to achieve important organizational goals. Our analysis provides: (a) a reflection regarding the Key Success Factors in the process of integrating communities of practice, (b) insight to the structure of a model of cultivation, intended as a guideline for new experiences in this area, and (c) an informative account of this model’s adaptation to the studied organizations.

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