17Α-METHYLTESTOSTERONE (ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS) ALTERS ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN IN FEMALE MICE, MUS MUSCULUS

Aim: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. Androgens and anabolic steroids have been used for therapeutic purpose with few exceptions. However, the abuse of AAS is a remarkably prevalent problem, particularly among athletes and adolescents. Supraphysiological doses of AAS exert profound effects on mental state and behaviors such as depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and cognitive deterioration.Objective: In the present investigation, we studied the impact of one of the AAS compounds, i.e., 17α-methyltestosterone on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in different brain parts of mice, namely, forebrain, hippocampus, midbrain, and hindbrain.Methods: The adult female mice were assigned to four experimental groups to which different doses of 17α-MT (0.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg bwt, respectively) were administrated s.c. for 30 days. A significant increase in AChE activity in forebrain and midbrain (low and medium dose treatment) suggests a reduction of cholinergic neurotransmission efficiency due to decrease in acetylcholine levels in trans-synaptic cleft. Further, concurrent reduction in AChE activity was observed in whole brain, hippocampus, and hindbrain of 17α-MT-treated mice suggests the impairment in neuronal transmission. Since the regulation of cholinergic system through acetylcholine hydrolysis has been largely attributed to AChE activity, a significant reduction in its activity may lead to stress-related anxiety, memory loss with some cognitive and behavioral aspects in the mice.Conclusion: Based on the observed results, we propose that 17α-MT, an alkylated steroid compound, has a negative impact on AChE enzyme activity in different parts of mice brain, leading to impairment in neuronal transmission.

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Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors

Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1007/s00213-015-4193-6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 233 (4) ◽

pp. 549-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Marie M. Onakomaiya ◽

Leslie P. Henderson

Keyword(s):

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Mad Men ◽

Affective Behaviors ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Male Strength Athletes Who Use Non-prescribed Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636706 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Barnaby N. Zoob Carter ◽

Ian D. Boardley ◽

Katinka van de Ven

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Mental Health Outcomes ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Training Frequency ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact ◽

And Training

Background: One sub-population potentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are strength athletes who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). We examined links between disruption in AAS use and training due to the pandemic and mental health outcomes in this population, hypothesising: (a) the pandemic would be linked with reduced training and AAS use; and (b) athletes perceiving greater impact on their training and AAS use would report increases in detrimental mental health outcomes.Methods: Male strength athletes using AAS (N = 237) from 42 countries completed an online questionnaire in May 2020. A sub-sample (N = 90) from 20 countries participated again 4 months later. The questionnaire assessed pre-pandemic and current AAS use and training, alongside several mental health outcomes.Results: At Time 1, most participants perceived an impact of the pandemic on AAS use (91.1%) and/or training (57.8%). Dependent t-tests demonstrated significant reductions in training frequency (t = 7.78; p < 0.001) and AAS dose (t = 6.44; p < 0.001) compared to pre-pandemic. Linear regression showed the impact of the pandemic on training was a significant positive predictor of excessive body checking (B = 0.35) and mood swings (B = 0.26), and AAS dose was a significant positive predictor of anxiety (B = 0.67), insomnia (B = 0.52), mood swings (B = 0.37). At Time 2, fewer participants perceived an impact of the pandemic on AAS use (29.9%) and/or training (66.7%) than at Time 1. Training frequency (t = 3.02; p < 0.01) and AAS dose (t = 2.11; p < 0.05) were depressed in comparison to pre-pandemic. However, AAS dose had increased compared to Time 1 (t = 2.11; p < 0.05). Linear regression showed the impact of the pandemic on training/AAS use did not significantly predict any mental-health outcomes. However, AAS dose was a significant negative predictor of depressive thoughts (B = −0.83) and mood swings (B = −2.65).Conclusion: Our findings showed impact of the pandemic on the training and AAS use, reflected in reduced training frequency and AAS dose. However, whilst we detected some short-term consequential effects on mental health, these did not appear to be long-lasting.

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Tendon Remodeling in Response to Resistance Training, Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Aging

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells7120251 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 251 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vinicius Guzzoni ◽

Heloisa Selistre-de-Araújo ◽

Rita de Cássia Marqueti

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Volume Density ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Calcaneal Tendon ◽

Ecm Remodeling ◽

Age Related ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact ◽

Harmful Effects

Exercise training (ET), anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), and aging are potential factors that affect tendon homeostasis, particularly extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The goal of this review is to aggregate findings regarding the effects of resistance training (RT), AAS, and aging on tendon homeostasis. Data were gathered from our studies regarding the impact of RT, AAS, and aging on the calcaneal tendon (CT) of rats. We demonstrated a series of detrimental effects of AAS and aging on functional and biomechanical parameters, including the volume density of blood vessel cells, adipose tissue cells, tendon calcification, collagen content, the regulation of the major proteins related to the metabolic/development processes of tendons, and ECM remodeling. Conversely, RT seems to mitigate age-related tendon dysfunction. Our results suggest that AAS combined with high-intensity RT exert harmful effects on ECM remodeling, and also instigate molecular and biomechanical adaptations in the CT. Moreover, we provide further information regarding the harmful effects of AAS on tendons at a transcriptional level, and demonstrate the beneficial effects of RT against the age-induced tendon adaptations of rats. Our studies might contribute in terms of clinical approaches in favor of the benefits of ET against tendinopathy conditions, and provide a warning on the harmful effects of the misuse of AAS on tendon development.

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How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders ◽

10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Deaglan McCullough ◽

Richard Webb ◽

Kevin J. Enright ◽

Katie E. Lane ◽

Jim McVeigh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Withdrawal Symptoms ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact

AbstractIt is estimated 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females globally use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), mostly for appearance and performance enhancing reasons. In combination with resistance exercise, AAS use increases muscle protein synthesis resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased performance. Primarily through binding to the androgen receptor, AAS exert their hypertrophic effects via genomic, non-genomic and anti-catabolic mechanisms. However, chronic AAS use also has a detrimental effect on metabolism ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much research has focused on AAS effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, with abnormal concentrations of these associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This clustering of interconnected abnormalities is often referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the impact of AAS use on mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and markers of MetS. AAS use markedly decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Chronic AAS use also appears to cause higher fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance and possibly higher levels of VAT; however, research is currently lacking on the effects of AAS use on glucose metabolism. While cessation of AAS use can restore normal lipid levels, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as depression and hypogonadism that can increase CVD risk. Research is currently lacking on effective treatments for withdrawal symptoms and further long-term research is warranted on the effects of AAS use on metabolic health in males and females.

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The Impact of Hippocampal Sex Hormones Receptors in Modulation of Depressive-Like Behavior Following Chronic Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Exercise Protocols in Rats

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dragica Selakovic ◽

Jovana Joksimovic ◽

Nemanja Jovicic ◽

Slobodanka Mitrovic ◽

Vladimir Mihailovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Hormones ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact

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The impact of anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and type of training on left ventricular remodeling and function in competitive athletes

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp130504046i ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 383-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ivan Ilic ◽

Vitomir Djordjevic ◽

Ivan Stankovic ◽

Alja Vlahovic-Stipac ◽

Biljana Putnikovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ejection Fraction ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Lv Ejection Fraction ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact

Background/Aim. Long-term intensive training is associated with distinctive cardiac adaptations which are known as athlete?s heart. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) could affect echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) morphology and function in elite strength and endurance athletes. Methods. A total of 20 elite strength athletes (10 AAS users and 10 non-users) were compared to 12 steroid-free endurance athletes. All the subjects underwent comprehensive standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Results. After being indexed for body surface area, both left atrium (LA) and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) were significantly higher in the endurance than strength athletes, regardless of AAS use (p < 0.05, for both). A significant correlation was found between LA diameter and LVEDD in the steroid-free endurance athletes, showing that 75% of LA size variability depends on variability of LVEDD (p < 0.001). No significant differences in ejection fraction and cardiac output were observed among the groups, although mildly reduced LV ejection fraction was seen only in the AAS users. The AAS-using strength athletes had higher A-peak velocity when compared to steroidfree athletes, regardless of training type (p < 0.05 for both). Both AAS-using and AAS-free strength athletes had lower e? peak velocity and higher E/e? ratio than endurance athletes (p < 0.05, for all). Conclusions. There is no evidence that LV ejection fraction in elite athletes is altered by either type of training or AAS misuse. Long-term endurance training is associated with preferable effects on LV diastolic function compared to strength training, particularly when the latter is combined with AAS abuse.

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Effect of orchidectomized and exogenous administration of testosterone on the quantification of platelets in male wistar rats

Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana ◽

10.25176/rfmh.v21i4.4042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 727-735

Author(s):

Milagros A. Fuentes Vargas ◽

Lilian C. Lovón Caso ◽

Marcia A. Paredes Salazar ◽

Jheydi A. Cahuana Gutierrez ◽

Ana M. Apaza Choquehuanca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wistar Rats ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Study Groups ◽

Physiological Solution ◽

The Other ◽

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Androgenic Steroids ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) modify the physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system and have possible effects on the origin of cardiovascular thrombosis. Objective: To determine the impact of the testosterone metabolite on platelet quantification in ORX rats with or without DHT replacement. Material and methods: 24 male 45-day-old Wistar rats underwent orchidectomy with a simple scrotal incision. At 2.5 months of age, the 24 rats were divided into 4 study groups. Half of the 12 male ORX rats received hormone replacement with dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHT) at a 2 mg/kg dose via subcutaneous injection for 7 days and the other half received a physiological solution (0.9% NaCl). The same occurred in the 12 non-ORX males (SHAM). After 7 days of the administration, blood was collected by orbital puncture, and platelet quantification was performed. Results: A significant difference (ANOVA, p < 0.005) was found between the 4 groups. When performing the Dunn Method, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found in the endogenous administration of DHT between Sham rats and rats ORX + 0.9% NaCl but not with ORX + DHT. Conclusions: DHT induces an increase in platelet quantification inrats Sham and not in ORX rats with DHT, which may affect the increase in platelet quantification.

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