scholarly journals Punctuated equilibrium theory represents shifting balance theory (of macro and quantum evolution) and invalid Darwin’s theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 06-12
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Ahad
Keyword(s):  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance

scholarly journals On the Neglected Shifting Balance Theory, Bateson-DobzhanskyMuller Model & Quantum Evolution Plus the Role of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Impact on COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Ribosomal Frameshift ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Two Populations

Background: Approximately 80% of all viruses are RNA viruses and they contain their specific RNA helicases. Defective RNA helicases have been linked to infectious diseases (Viral Infections). Materials and Methods: The articles have gone through many types of research from the beginning of the epidemic of Coronaviruses through history and we introduced the neglected hypothesis of Shifting balance theory, Bateson-DobzhanskyMuller model & Quantum evolution. In the ancestral population, the genotype is AABB. When two populations become isolated from each other, new mutations can arise. In one population A evolves into a, and in the other B evolves into b. When the two populations hybridize it is the first time A and B interact with each other. When these alleles are incompatible, we speak of Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities plus the role of MMA in mitochondria in spreading SARS-CoV-19 through populations and the result of an infection in COVID-19. Results: In viruses specifically COVID-19, Ribosomal Frameshift is programmed to allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus), RSV (Rous sarcoma virus), and all types of influenza viruses use Ribosomal Frameshift. They rely on frameshifting to create a proper ratio of normal translation and trans-frame (encoded by frameshifted sequence) proteins. Notably, its use in viruses is primarily for compacting more genetic information into a shorter amount of genetic material. Conclusion: to find the genome sequence of COVID-19 we also used Nanopore sequencing that introduced and manufactured by Oxford scientists, due to differences in the action of infection in the host, we could not reach any results since the Novel Virus has not a stable genome (which is quite dynamic) since through our deep research, each virus contains its specific genome sequencing and we cannot claim that COVID-19 has one specific genome sequence like MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV or any types of viruses which has been discovered and contains their specific genome.

scholarly journals On the Neglected Shifting balance theory, Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model & Quantum evolution plus the Role of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Impact on COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Ribosomal Frameshift ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Two Populations

Background: Approximately 80% of all viruses are RNA viruses and they contain their specific RNA helicases. Defective RNA helicases have been linked to infectious diseases (Viral Infections). Materials and Methods: The articles have gone through many types of research from the beginning of the epidemic of Coronaviruses through history and we introduced the neglected hypothesis of Shifting balance theory, Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model & Quantum evolution. In the ancestral population, the genotype is AABB. When two populations become isolated from each other, new mutations can arise. In one population A evolves into a, and in the other B evolves into b. When the two populations hybridize it is the first time A and B interact with each other. When these alleles are incompatible, we speak of Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities plus the role of MMA in mitochondria in spreading SARS-CoV-19 through populations and the result of an infection in COVID-19. Results: In viruses specifically COVID-19, Ribosomal Frameshift is programmed to allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus), RSV (Rous sarcoma virus), and all types of influenza viruses use Ribosomal Frameshift. they rely on frameshifting to create a proper ratio of normal translation and trans-frame (encoded by frameshifted sequence) proteins. Notably, its use in viruses is primarily for compacting more genetic information into a shorter amount of genetic material. Conclusion: to find the genome sequence of COVID-19 we also used Nanopore sequencing that introduced and manufactured by Oxford scientists, due to differences in the action of infection in the host, we could not reach any results since the Novel Virus has not a stable genome (which is quite dynamic) since through our deep research, each virus contains its specific genome sequencing and we cannot claim that COVID-19 has one specific genome sequence like MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV or any types of viruses which has been discovered and contains their specific genome.

scholarly journals On the Neglected Shifting balance theory, Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model & Quantum evolution plus the Role of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Impact on COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Ribosomal Frameshift ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Two Populations

Background: Approximately 80% of all viruses are RNA viruses and they contain their specific RNA helicases. Defective RNA helicases have been linked to infectious diseases (Viral Infections). Materials and Methods: The articles have gone through many types of research from the beginning of the epidemic of Coronaviruses through history and we introduced the neglected hypothesis of Shifting balance theory, Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model & Quantum evolution. In the ancestral population, the genotype is AABB. When two populations become isolated from each other, new mutations can arise. In one population A evolves into a, and in the other B evolves into b. When the two populations hybridize it is the first time A and B interact with each other. When these alleles are incompatible, we speak of Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities plus the role of MMA in mitochondria in spreading SARS-CoV-19 through populations and the result of an infection in COVID-19. Results: In viruses specifically COVID-19, Ribosomal Frameshift is programmed to allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus), RSV (Rous sarcoma virus), and all types of influenza viruses use Ribosomal Frameshift. they rely on frameshifting to create a proper ratio of normal translation and trans-frame (encoded by frameshifted sequence) proteins. Notably, its use in viruses is primarily for compacting more genetic information into a shorter amount of genetic material. Conclusion: to find the genome sequence of COVID-19 we also used Nanopore sequencing that introduced and manufactured by Oxford scientists, due to differences in the action of infection in the host, we could not reach any results since the Novel Virus has not a stable genome (which is quite dynamic) since through our deep research, each virus contains its specific genome sequencing and we cannot claim that COVID-19 has one specific genome sequence like MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV or any types of viruses which has been discovered and contains their specific genome.

scholarly journals Why We Should Use the Gini Coefficient to Assess Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Constantin Kaplaner ◽  
Yves Steinebach
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Precise Measure

Abstract Punctuated Equilibrium Theory posits that policy-making is generally characterized by long periods of stability that are interrupted by short periods of fundamental policy change. The literature converged on the measure of kurtosis and L-kurtosis to assess these change patterns. In this letter, we critically discuss these measures and propose the Gini coefficient as a (1) comparable, but (2) more intuitive, and (3) more precise measure of “punctuated” change patterns.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVE: A CRITIQUE OF SEWALL WRIGHT'S SHIFTING BALANCE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Evolution ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry A. Coyne ◽  
Nicholas H. Barton ◽  
Michael Turelli
Keyword(s):  
Balance Theory ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Shifting Balance

Network Centric Warfare as Complex Optimization: An Evolutionary Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Zoltán Jobbágy
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Balance Theory ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Shifting Balance Theory ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Complex Optimization ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Different Characteristics

Military operations are very complex undertakings. However, complexity is not a feature unique to military operations. When biologists wanted to understand the properties of gene mutation they also faced complexity. Confronted by a large number of genes featuring different characteristics, a difficult-to-decode interac- tion among those genes, and an environment that could not be excluded as a factor, Sewell Wright introduced the shifting balance theory, also known as the theory of the fitness landscape. The theory allows complexity to be seen as a process that rests on adaptation and mutation. These two processes are also central to military operations as it is imperative to offset the changing conditions coming both from the environment and the interaction with the enemy. In the article the author uses Wright’s theory to help see military operations as a complex optimization problem that includes approximations and estimations regarding optimal values.

Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-187
Author(s):  
James L. True ◽  
Bryan D. Jones ◽  
Frank R. Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory
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