scholarly journals Correlation studies on pathological changes in brain with neurotransmitters and behavioural changes in Balb/c mice

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
G. Balaji ◽  
◽  
S.N. Sinha ◽  
M.V. Surekha ◽  
V. Kasturi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Sodium Valproate ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Motor Skill Development ◽  
Cervical Dislocation ◽  
Behavioural Tests

Aim: To determine the plasma neurotransmitters simultaneously and to find any correlation with pathological changes in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells and their relation with behavioral changes in Balb/c mice. Methodology: In the present study, both sexes of Balb /C mice were divided into two groups (4 males and 4 females; n = 8): Both the groups were given a single dose of either saline or sodium valproate (400mg kg-1) respectively through subcutaneous injection on PND 14. Behavioural tests were conducted on mice pups on various postnatal days till 40th day. On PND 41, blood samples were collected from all the animals for quantification of the neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenalin) in plasma, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and whole brain was isolated for histological examination of the Purkinje cells and hippocampus. Results: Sodium valproate exposed animals showed loss of motor skill development (delayed negative geotaxic response), increased locomotor activity, increased anxiety, and retardation in water maze performance, and lower social interaction. Histopathological evolutions of cerebellum purkinje cells and hippocampus showed 40-50% atrophic cells in sodium valproate animals compared to control animals. Interpretation: The results of the present study indicate that Sodium valproate changes specific brain cell population in Balb/C mice, which might be the reason for the altered neurotransmitter levels, leading to behavioural changes in these animals.

scholarly journals Case report: Histopathological Diagnosis of Rabies in Iraqi Cows and Ewes

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Saeed Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cerebral Parenchyma ◽  
Cellular Necrosis ◽  
First Time

Rabies was diagnosed (for the first time) in clinically suspected rabid Iraqi cows and ewes by using histopathological methods. The result showed 3 positive cases 2 cows from Baghdad governorate and 1 ewe from Al - Basra governorate. The gross pathological changes included swelling of cerebrum and cerebellum, multiple hemorrhagic spots within cerebral parenchyma, and sever congestion in meningial blood vessels. The histopathological changes showed specific changes represented by Negri bodies as intracytoplasmic inclusions within Purkinje cells in cerebellum and Babes nodules in cerebrum and medulla oblongata. Non specific changes included edema, hemorrhages, cellular necrosis, lymphocytic foci and lymphocytic and mononuclear cuffing surrounding congested blood vessels.

scholarly journals Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Changes Following Sub-Chronic Administration of Aqueous Extract of Erythrophleum Ivorense Stem Bark in Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Olamide Adebiyi ◽  
◽  
Oluwasina Ajayi ◽  
Funmilayo Olopade ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Dependent Manner

Erythrophleum ivorense (EI) is a tree found across tropical Africa. The bark of EI is widely used as hunting poisons for animals and ordeal poison in humans. Ingestion of this plant causes paralysis, respiratory distress and amnesia. In folklore, these behavioral changes have been attributed to guilt in victims; nonetheless, scientific evidence in support of this claim does not exist. Thus, there is the need to validate the mechanism of neurotoxicity and behavioral alteration of this plant. Methods: BALB/c male mice (n=48) were randomly divided into four groups. The test groups were administered aqueous extract of EI in a single daily graded doses (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg according to the body weight) for a duration 28 days while the control received distilled water. Motor coordination, learning, memory and grip strength was thereafter accessed with wire grip, Morris water maze and inverted wire mesh grid grip tests respectively. Histological staining of brain sections was also carried out. At all tested doses aqueous extract of EI caused significant reduction in hanging latency, significantly increased escape latency and decreased duration in the target platform during the Morris water maze test relative to the control. Decreased grip strength was also observed in the test groups compared to control. Histology revealed dysmorphic and disoriented Purkinje cells and loss of Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum. Erythrophleum ivorense administration altered motor coordination, learning and memory and grip strength in mice in a dose-dependent manner. It also caused disruption of granule cells layer, loss of Purkinje cells and altered cerebellar anatomy leading to motor deficits in mice.

scholarly journals PREVALENSI PERUBAHAN PERILAKU ANJING LOKAL (Canis familiaris) JANTAN YANG DIKANDANGKAN DENGAN PRINSIP KESEJAHTERAAN HEWAN SELAMA 60 HARI (Prevalence of Behavioural Changes in Male Local Dog (Canis familiaris) Caged Based on Animal Welfare Principles for 60 Days)

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nofri Alfi ◽  
Teuku Reza Ferasyi ◽  
Erdiansyah Rahmi ◽  
Mulyadi Adam ◽  
Idawati Nasution ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Stress Behavior ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sufficient Food

The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of behavioral changes of male local dog caged based on animal welfare principles. A total of three male local dogs was used as the experiment object. Dog behavior was observed using focal animal sampling method. Dogs were caged for 60 days, provided with sufficient food and water ad libitum. The dogs were identified based on their color and body size. Their behavior were observed three times each days in the morning, midday, and afternoon with 3 periods: period I (day 1 to day 20), period II (day 21 to day 40), and period III (day 41 to day 60). The observation was carried out for 60 days with allocation time was 30 minutes/ each observations. The result obtained indicated that the prevalence of behavior in dogs during the first period was dominated by sitting and sleeping. In addition, they were showed the behavior of running, walking, playing, sniffing, and eating. During this period, they were also expressed of stress behavior, such as barking, digging, backward/hiding, biting, and climbing. In the second and third periods of observation, the behaviors of sitting and sleeping are increased while behaviors of stress are reduced. Based on this results, it can be concluded that local dogs indicate stress behavior during the first 20 days caged, then they become more calm during the following days when animal welfare principle is fulfilled.Key words: local dog, dog behavior, animal welfare

scholarly journals Impaired executive functions in experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiane Ochai Ramos ◽  
Luiz Renato Rodrigues Carreiro ◽  
Fulvio Alexandre Scorza ◽  
Roberta Monterazzo Cysneiros
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Pilocarpine Injection

ABSTRACT Objective The present study aimed to investigate cognitive and behavioural changes consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD -like behavior in male Wistar rats with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Method Male Wistar rats at 25 day of age were submitted to animal model of TLE by pilocarpine injection (350 mg/kg, ip) and a control group received saline 0.9%. The animals were continuously video monitored up to the end of experiments. The behavioural tests (open field, elevated plus maze and operant conditioning box) started from 60 days postnatal. Results Animals with TLE exhibited elevated locomotor activity, reduced level of anxiety-related behavior, impulsivity and impaired visuospatial working memory. Conclusion Taken as a whole, we concluded that animals with TLE exhibited some cognitive and behavioural changes consistent with ADHD-like behavior.

scholarly journals Assessment of side effects induced by injection of different adjuvant/antigen combinations in rabbits and mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. A. M. Leenaars ◽  
M. A. Koedam ◽  
P. W. Wester ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
E. Claassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Prolonged Pain

We evaluated the side effects induced by injection of Freund's adjuvant (FA) and alternative adjuvants combined with different antigens. Rabbits and mice were injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly (rabbits) and intraperitoneally (mice) with different adjuvants (FA, Specol, RIBI, TiterMax, Montanide ISA50) in combination with several types of antigens (synthetic peptides, autoantigen, glycolipid, protein, mycoplasma or virusesl. The effects of treatment on the animals' well-being were assessed by clinical and behavioural changes (POT and LABORAS assays) and gross and histopathological changes. In rabbits, treatment did not appear to induce acute or prolonged pain and distress. Mice showed behavioural changes immediately after (predominantly secondary) immunization. Injection of several adjuvant/antigen mixtures resulted in severe pathological changes, depending on adjuvant, type of antigen, animal species used and route of injection. Both rabbits and mice showed pathological changes ranging from marked to severe after injection of FA, and ranging from minimal to marked after Specol and Montanide injections. Pathological changes after RIBI injections were severe in rabbits, though slight in mice. After TiterMax injections, pathological changes were moderate in rabbits, though severe in mice. In conclusion, injection of FA according to present guidelines resulted mostly in severe pathological changes, whereas only very few clinical and behavioural signs indicated prolonged severe pain. Our findings indicate that Montanide ISA50 and Specol induce acceptable antibody titres, and cause fewer pathological changes than FA. Thus they are effective alternatives to FA.

Serotonergic mechanisms in the 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Jahan ◽  
KK Pillai ◽  
D Vohora
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Valproate ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Psychomotor Seizure

Serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine (5-HT)) plays an important role in experimental seizures. Recently, we reported the depletion of 5-HT by parachlorophynylalanine (PCPA) in whole brain to enhance 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice. In the present work, we investigated the effect of 5-HT depletion in cortex and hippocampus, brain regions relevant for epilepsy, on behavioral and ultra-structural changes following 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice. In addition, we studied the effect of sodium valproate (SVP) on behavioral, biochemical, and ultra-structural effects induced by 6 Hz. Behavioral changes induced by 6 Hz stimulation were characterized as the increased duration of Straub’s tail, stun position, twitching of vibrissae, forelimb clonus, and increased rearing and grooming. PCPA administration further enhanced while SVP reduced these behaviors in mice. The 6-Hz psychomotor seizure induced ultra-structural changes in both cortex and hippocampus in mice treated with PCPA. Furthermore, PCPA administrations followed by 6Hz-induced seizures were accompanied by reduced hippocampal and cortical 5-HT. SVP attenuated the PCPA-induced ultra-structural changes and alterations of 5-HT content in the mouse brain. The study suggests the involvement of 5-HT in the 6 Hz psychomotor seizures and in the mechanisms of action of SVP against such seizures in mice.

Binucleate Spermiogenesis in the Mouse

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
John J. Wolosewick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Seminiferous Epithelium ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
Germinal Epithelium ◽  
Intercellular Bridges ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Cervical Dislocation ◽  
Human And Mouse

Classically, the male germinal epithelium is depicted as synchronously developing uninucleate spermatids conjoined by intercellular bridges. Recently, binucleate and multinucleate spermatids from human and mouse testis have been reported. The present paper describes certain developmental events in one type of binucleate spermatid in the seminiferous epithelium of the mouse.Testes of adult mice (ABP Jax) were removed from the animals after cervical dislocation and placed into 2.5% glutaraldehyde/Millonig's phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Testicular capsules were gently split and separated, exposing the tubules. After 15 minutes the tissue was carefully cut into cubes (approx. 1mm), fixed for an additional 45 minutes and processed for electron microscopy.

Reversal of cardiomyopathy resulting from prenatal exposure to ethanol

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
C. Uphoff ◽  
C. Nyquist-Battie
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Prenatally Exposed ◽  
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Newborn Mice

Fetal Alcohol Syndrone (FAS) is a syndrome with characteristic abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to ethanol. In many children with FAS syndrome gross pathological changes in the heart are seen with septal defects the most prevalent abnormality recorded. Few studies in animal models have been performed on the effects of ethanol on heart development. In our laboratory, it has been observed that prenatal ethanol exposure of Swiss albino mice results in abnormal cardiac muscle ultrastructure when mice were examined at birth and compared to pairfed and normal controls. Fig. 1 is an example of the changes that are seen in the ethanol-exposed animals. These changes include enlarged mitochondria with loss of inner mitochondrial membrane integrity and loss of myofibrils. Morphometric analysis substantiated the presence of these alterations from normal cardiac ultrastructure. The present work was undertaken to determine if the pathological changes seen in the newborn mice prenatally exposed to ethanol could be reversed with age and abstinence.

Ultrastorcture of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in Rats Subjected To Partial Global Cerebral Ischemia

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
R.V.W. Dimlich ◽  
M.H. Biros
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Cerebellar Damage ◽  
Cerebellar Injury ◽  
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Changes

In severe cerebral ischemia, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are one of the cell types most vulnerable to anoxic damage. In the partial (forebrain) global ischemic (PGI) model of the rat, Paljärvi noted at the light microscopic level that cerebellar damage is inconsistant and when present, milder than in the telencephalon, diencephalon and rostral brain stem. Cerebellar injury was observed in 3 of 4 PGI rats following 5 minutes of reperfusion but in none of the rats after 90 min of reperfusion. To evaluate a time between these two extremes (5 and 90 min), the present investigation used the PGI model to study the effects of ischemia on the ultrastructure of cerebellar Purkinje cells in rats that were sacrificed after 30 min of reperfusion. This time also was chosen because lactic acid that is thought to contribute to ischemic cell changes in PGI is at a maximum after 30 min of reperfusion.

Ultrasturcture of cerebellar cells and neuropil in rats subjected to partial global cerebral ischemia

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
R.V.W. Dimlich ◽  
M.H. Biros
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Forebrain Ischemia ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Cerebellar Cells

Although a previous study in this laboratory determined that Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum did not appear to be damaged following 30 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion, it was suggested that an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and/or polysomes had occurred in these cells. The primary objective of the present study was to morphometrically determine whether or not this increase had occurred. In addition, since there is substantial evidence that glial cells may be affected by ischemia earlier than other cell types, glial cells also were examined. To ascertain possible effects on other cerebellar components, granule cells and neuropil near Purkinje cells as well as neuropil in the molecular layer also were evaluated in this investigation.

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