scholarly journals “A Quarter of an Hour before his Death, He Was Still Alive”: The Literary Character Image of La Palice and the Phenomenon of Nizy Style

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Dushenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early 18Th Century

La Palis is a literary character that appeared in anonymous couplets The Death of La Palis published in the early 18th century. The image of La Palis in songs is ambiguous: he is both a naive simpleton and a parodic counterpart of the panegyric image of Marshal Jacques de La Palice (1470–1525). The irony of these early verses about La Palis is usually explained by the simplicity of the soldiers who allegedly composed them in 1525 or by the further distortion of the original text. In reality, this irony bears the imprint of the 17th century burlesque poetry. In 1715, the literary image of La Palis was canonized by Bernard La Monnoy, the author of the term nizy style. The nizy style, also called the Lapalissade, is a special kind of tautology that, as Clement Rosset aptly put it, “for a moment causes a hallucination of difference.” In the 19th century, the typically Lapalissian formula “if they did not die, then they are still alive” is recorded in the tales of various peoples of Europe; the relationship between these national formulas remains unclear. The article also examines the mastering the nizy style by O. Goldsmith and Russian translators from the 18th century to the present day.

scholarly journals The wooden architectural complex of the city and royal residence of the John III Sobieski in Kukizów

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 059-082
Author(s):  
Mykola Bevz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
European Architecture

The palace in Kukizów of King of Poland John III Sobieski is known only to a narrow group of architecture and art historians. The palace and park complex ceased to exist in the 19th century. The architecture of the palace is known especially from the descriptions in the inventory documents from the early 18th century. Although the authorship of the palace design belongs to the well-known artists of the era – Augustyn Wincenty Locci and Piotr Beber, its architecture has not yet been reconstructed. A specific feature of the royal residence in Kukizów was the construction of royal buildings and town buildings in a wooden material. The intention to create a city complex and an entirely wooden residence was a unique experiment in the field of European architecture and urban planning of the 17th century. In the paper we present the results of our research on the architecture of the palace and town for the end of the 17th century.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

The ‘Genius of language’

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Schlaps
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Form ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Static Concept ◽  
Interior Part

Summary The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

Turing, Lovelace, and Babbage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doron Swade
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Electronic Computing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Causation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Computing

The principles on which all modern computing machines are based were enunciated more than a hundred years ago by a Cambridge mathematician named Charles Babbage.’ So declared Vivian Bowden—in charge of sales of the Ferranti Mark I computer— in 1953.1 This chapter is about historical origins. It identifies core ideas in Turing’s work on computing, embodied in the realisation of the modern computer. These ideas are traced back to their emergence in the 19th century where they are explicit in the work of Babbage and Ada Lovelace. Mechanical process, algorithms, computation as systematic method, and the relationship between halting and solvability are part of an unexpected congruence between the pre-history of electronic computing and the modern age. The chapter concludes with a consideration of whether Turing was aware of these origins and, if so, the extent—if any—to which he may have been influenced by them. Computing is widely seen as a gift of the modern age. The huge growth in computing coincided with, and was fuelled by, developments in electronics, a phenomenon decidedly of our own times. Alan Turing’s earliest work on automatic computation coincided with the dawn of the electronic age, the late 1930s, and his name is an inseparable part of the narrative of the pioneering era of automatic computing that unfolded. Identifying computing with the electronic age has had the effect of eradicating pre-history. It is as though the modern era with its rampant achievements stands alone and separate from the computational devices and aids that pre-date it. In the 18th century lex continui in natura proclaimed that nature had no discontinuities, and we tend to view historical causation in the same way. Discontinuities in history are uncomfortable: they offend against gradualism, or at least against the idea of the irreducible interconnectedness of events. The central assertion of this chapter is that core ideas evidenced in modern computing, ideas with which Turing is closely associated, emerged explicitly in the 19th century, a hundred years earlier than is commonly credited.

scholarly journals On the variability of return periods of European winter precipitation extremes over the last five centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pauling ◽  
H. Paeth
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Last 300 Years ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract. We investigate the changes of extreme European winter (December–February) precipitation over the last half millennium and show for various European regions that return periods of extremely wet and dry winters are subject to significant changes both before and after the onset of anthropogenic influences. Additionally, we examine the spatial pattern of the changes of the extremes covering the last 300 years where data quality is sufficient. Over central and eastern Europe dry winters occurred more frequently during the 18th and the second part of the 19th century relative to 1951–2000. Dry winters were less frequent during both the 18th and 19th century over the British Isles and the Mediterranean. Wet winters have been less abundant during the last three centuries compared to 1951–2000 except during the early 18th century in central Europe. Although winter precipitation extremes are affected by climate change, no obvious connection of these changes was found to solar, volcanic or anthropogenic forcing. However, physically meaningful interpretation with atmospheric circulation changes was possible.

3. Objectives of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to the Galápagos

1956 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Thor Heyerdahl ◽  
Arne Skjölsvold
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first scientific expedition to the Galápagos took place, as stated, when Malaspina made his brief call in 1790. In the 19th century a series of other and more important scientific expeditions followed, among them notably H.M.S. Beagle which arrived in 1835 with Charles Darwin as naturalist on board. Right up to the present time naturalists have been drawn to the Galápagos due to its unique fauna and flora, and biologically and geologically the group has been carefully surveyed. The many visiting expeditions have, however, never assumed the special task of searching for archaeological remains, and no signs of early occupation have been reported, other than man-made caves in the local tuff and broken Spanish jars and porcelain, all properly ascribed to the late 17th century buccaneers and the 18th century whalers.

Francis James Herbert Haskell 1928–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hope
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
French Painting ◽  
King's College ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Publication of Patrons and Painters (1963), which dealt with art in 17th-century Rome and 18th-century Venice, established Francis Haskell as one of the leading art historians of his generation. He held posts at King's College Cambridge and was then appointed Professor of the History of Art at Oxford University with a Fellowship at Trinity College. Haskell turned to studying French painting of the 19th century. Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976) won the Mitchell Prize for Art History. Haskell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971. Obituary by Charles Hope.

scholarly journals LANSKAP PERTAMBANGAN ORANG CINA DI MONTERADO, KALIMANTAN BARAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The arrival of Chinese People on a large scale in the early 18th century in West Kalimantan due to the presence of a large gold potential in the area. Monterado is one of the gold mining landscape in West Kalimantan. This cultural landscape shows the activity of big mining and technology owned by the Chinese miners. In addition to the ability to mine, it turns out the Chinese also formed an organization called "kongsi" to support the mining activities. Settlements and cities that grew as a result of gold mining Monterado appear in coastal areas, which is currently a Singkawang. The dissolution of the kongsi in Monterado in the middle of the 19th century, led to stop mining activities in Monterado Similarly, for mining authority was taken over by the colonial, but the miners did not agree with it and choose to stop mining.Kedatangan orang Cina di Kalimantan Barat dalam sekala besar terjadi pada abad ke 18 Masehi, dikarenakan adanya potensi emas di wilayah tersebut. Monterado adalah salah satu lanskap pertambangan emas terbesar di Kalimantan Barat. Lanskap budaya tersebut menunjukan aktifitas pertambangan yang besar dan teknologi yang dimiliki oleh para penambang Cina pada saat itu. Selain kemampuan untuk tambang, ternyata China juga membentuk sebuah organisasi yang disebut "kongsi" untuk mendukung kegiatan pertambangan. Pemukiman dan kota-kota yang tumbuh sebagai pengaruh dari pertambangan emas Monterado muncul di wilayah pesisir, yang saat ini menjadi Kota Singkawang. Data mengenai permukiman di lokasi tambang sangat minim, hal tersebut diperkirakan masyarakat tambang lebih memilih untuk menetap di daerah pelabuhan. Namun, beberapa kuburan Cina dan sisa tiang rumah ditemukan di lokasi tambang. Pembubaran kongsi di Monterado di pertengahan abad ke-19 menyebabkan berhentinya kegiatan pertambangan di lokasi tersebut. Setelah pertambangan diambil alih oleh pemerintah Belanda para penambang emas Cina tetap memilih untuk tidak menambang lagi sebab kegiatan menambang emas tersebut dianggap sudah tidak menguntungkan.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, Între „orientalism” şi obiectivitate: etnografia rusă şi Basarabia în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea / Between “Orientalism” and Objectivity: Russian Ethnography and Bessarabia during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the interaction between the discourses of empire and nation as it emerged in the debates about the proper object of research and the criteria for legitimacy of the newly founded discipline of ethnography in the Russian Empire in the last decades of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. A special emphasis will be laid upon the particular features of the appearance and evolution of ethnographic preoccupations in the Russian Empire starting with the second half of the 18th century, when the first attempts at the synthesis and classification of ethnographic enquiries can be discerned, and spanning the first half of the 19th century. In this context, the case of Bessarabia represents an illustrative example of the uneasy interaction between the specialized and supposedly “objective” knowledge of learned experts and the agendas of the central and local authorities and officials. My basic goal has been to uncover the relationship between the “imperial” and the “universalistic” dimensions of Russian ethnography.

scholarly journals Changes in Livonian first names in Salaca during the 17th and 18th centuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Aldur Vunk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
New Name ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

Under examination are the developments that occurred in name traditions that were caused by Christianisation as can be ascertained on the basis of written sources. The area under examination is the Livonian revenue district which was defined in the 17th century, and which, by the end of the century, comprised the Svētciems Manor. The first names of the peasants identified as Livonians in the first half of the 19th century were compared to the first names of the farmers recorded in the soul revisions from the 17th century. As a result, the article ascertains that the custom of having two first names had disappeared by the 17th century. In the 18th century, a new name – Gust/Gustav – had been added to the name tradition in the region. By the turn of the 19th century, after six centuries of integration under colonial rule, the Christian names of the Livonians, Latvians, and Estonians were so similar that it was difficult to distinguish among them based on their first names. Various local versions of Western European Christian names were overwhelmingly in use.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Muutused liivlaste eesnimedes Salatsi piirkonnas 17. ja 18. sajandil. Otsest survet pühakunimede valimisel, nagu oli tavaks idakirikus, läänekirik ei tundnud. Siiski oli ristinimede valikus ka uusajal enamus apostlite ja pühakute nimesid. Liivi vakuse talupoegade 44 eesnimest olid 1624. aasta revisjoni põhjal selliseid nimesid 31: Marten (4), Tomas/Tohmas (4), Matz/Matzken (4), Hanß (4), Hans (3), Jan/Jans (3), Andres/Andreas (3), Jürgen/Jür (3), Jak/Jack (2) ja Peter. Kui siia lisada veel Grist Hanß (3), oli apostlite ja pühakute nimesid eesnimedest 70%. Sama tüüpi eesnimed olid valitsevad ka 60 aastat hiljem, kui Svētciems’i mõisa 40 peremehe eesnimedest olid 31 tuletatud apostlite ja pühakute nimedest: Hans (5), Andrus/Andres (5), Jack (5), Jörgen (4), Mats (3), Tohm (2), Jahn (2), Jüri (2), Juhan, Tönnis ja Marten. Ebajärjekindlus nimede kirjaviisides 17.–19. sajandil ei võimalda teha detailseid järeldusi, kuid nimevormide Hanß ja Hans esinemise järgi juba 1624. aasta revisjonikirjetes võib tõmmata paralleeli 19. sajandi alguses kasutuses olnud nimevormidega Anz, Ansche ja Ange. Huvitav on veel 17. sajandi esimesel poolel eksisteerinud kahe eesnime panemise komme, eriti nimepaari esimene nimi, milleks järjekindlalt oli Grist. Selle kombe tagamaid on ühe allika põhjal raske välja selgitada ja võib vaid oletada, et tegemist on katoliku aja traditsiooniga. Usupuhastusliikumise vastuoludele, mis veel 17. sajandil oli olulise tähendusega, võib osundada ka tunduvalt vähemat kasutust leidnud eesnimi Pape/Poope. Kokkuvõttes on 17. sajandist kuni 19. sajandini eesnimede traditsiooni muutuste taga küllalt sageli näha poliitilisi ja ühiskondlikke arenguid. Nimetraditsioon ei jäänud juba keskajal lokaalseks nähtuseks ja oli vägagi sarnane ülejäänud kristliku ruumiga. Samuti väljendusid selles reformatsiooniajastu vastuolud ja võimalik, et koguni oma vaadete manifesteerimine. Nähtavasti jättis talupoeglik nimetraditsioon lisaks järjepidevusele selles koha ka poolehoiuavaldustele headele isandatele või mõjukatele ristivanematele.Märksõnad: Liivimaa, Salatsi liivlased, ajalooline onomastika, eesnimedKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Mõitõkst līvlizt eḑḑiztnimīs Salāts immõrkouțš 17. ja 18. āigastsadā āigal Vežgõrpivākuodā iz tund kūoḑizt painõ lõvvõ pivālizt nimīdi nei kui se um irdõksõks mǭgõr pivākuodās. Sīegid vȯļtõ ka ūdāiga rištõbnimūd ulzvȯtštõbs jemmit vȯļțõ apostõld ja pivālizt nimūd. Līvõ vakā talūd 44 eḑīznimstõ vȯļtõ seļļizt 1624. āigast revīzij pierrõ 31: Marten (4), Tomas/Tohmas (4), Matz/Matzken (4), Hanß (4), Hans (3), Jan/Jans (3), Andres/Andreas (3), Jürgen/Jür (3), Jak/Jack (2) ja Peter. Ku näntõn jūrõ pānda vel Grist Hanß (3), vȯļ apostõld ja pivālizt nimīdi eḑḑiztnimūd siegās 70%. Siedā īž tīpõ eḑḑiztnimūd vȯļtõ jemmits vel 60 āigastõ obbõm, ku Pivākilā mȯizõ 40 perīmīe eḑḑiznimīst 31 vȯļtõ sǭdõd apostõld ja pivālizt nimīst: Hans (5), Andrus/Andres (5), Jack (5), Jörgen (4), Mats (3), Tohm (2), Jahn (2), Jüri (2), Juhan, Tönnis ja Marten. Nimūd kēravīț äbpīldzit 17.–19. āigastsadāl äb lask tīedõ pīenõstiz pierāldõkši, umīțigid võib 1624. āigast revīzijkēraltõkst nimūdõn Hanß ja Hans vieddõ paralēlõ 19. āigastsadā īrgandõks nimūdõks Anz, Ansche ja Ange. Interesant um vel 17, āigastsadā ežmis pūols vȯnd kǭd edḑīznim panmiz mūoḑ, ī’žkiz nimūdpǭr ežmi nim, mis pīldzist vȯļ Grist. Sīe mūod pūojõ īdāinagiz ovāt alīz pǟl um lǟlam seļțõ, võib set vȱldatõ ku se um katol āiga irdõks. Uskpūdistimizlikkimiz vastālitõn, mis vel 17. āigastsadā āigal vȯļ vȯldzi, võib vīțõ ka veitõm kȭlbatõd eḑḑinim Pape/ Poope. Amāleb võib 17. –19. āigastsadā āiga eḑḑiztnimūd irdõks mõitõkst tagān saggõld nǟdõ polītiliži ja kubgõn kazāndõkši. Nimūdirdõks iz ūo jõbā sidāmtāigal kūožli nǟdõks, se vȯļ jõvāgid īti mū kristliz īlmaks. Neiīž saitõ sīes spīegiļtõd reformātsij āiga vastõvȯlmizt ja võib vȱlda īž ka eņtš nēmizt nägțimi. Silmõznǟdsõ vȯļ talrov nimūdirdõksõs andtõd kūož ka pūolõpidāmizt pierāst jõvād izāndõdõn agā mȯjjizt rištvanbiztõn.

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