Wage labourers in the fragmented labour market of the Gezira, Sudan

Africa ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Abdelkarim
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transition To Capitalism ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Gezira scheme has been the focus of considerable attention in the literature of development in tropical Africa, especially during the colonial period. This was because the scheme represented one of the largest agricultural projects initiated by a colonial government. Views on the scheme have been divergent: Gaitskell (1959) describes it as a ‘story of development’ while Barnett (1977) calls it an ‘illusion of development'. The focus of the studies, which are extensive compared to other Sudanese studies, has largely concentrated on the relationship (or so-called partnership) between tenants and government, production requirements and output, as well as occasionally on various aspects of the tenants’ lives and activities. Wage labour, which is the main form of labour, has only been given scant consideration. Even so, the focus has been on its contribution to the total labour requisite and its supply and demand patterns. The social relations of wage labour, and especially relations between tenants and wage labourers as the essential core of production relations in the scheme, have been awarded very little attention. This is the main concern of this article. Compared with most labour-market studies, my intention is to go beyond a mere study of factors affecting supply and demand. In conditions of transition to capitalism and fragmented labour markets, the perception of the social and cultural aspects of labour is indispensable for an adequate understanding of the internal mechanisms of the labour market.

scholarly journals Relasi Kekerabatan Patronase Masyarakat Muna

2021 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Asliah Zainal ◽  
Muhammad Asrianto Zainal ◽  
Waode Ainul Rafiah ◽  
Wa Kina Wa Kina
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Kinship System ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Kinship Ties

This study is addressed to two things: the relationship of kinship and patronage, which take place in social aspect (education and economy) and culture (life cycle ceremony), and the relation of patronage kinship system, which implies on cohesion social community of Muna. This study showed that the relation of the Muna family was tied socially and culturally by two vertices, descent/affinity relation and patronage relation or patronage kinship system and in local term called intaidi bhasitie (we are family). The patronage kinship in Muna family works in almost every aspect of community life, both in social; educational, economic, even political; and cultural (life cycle ceremony). By using Anthropological family, this study argues that the kinship systems wrapped by patronage or boosted patronage by kinship relationships are neither firm nor sustainable. It may be safe in education, economy, and cultural aspects but may be weakened in political preference. Even though a relative still tied up in a family's node but his indifference will be called "family but not". This social relationship will threaten the bond of kinship that eventually fragile and unravel, and the social relation seems to be a pseudo kingship. This research implies that the social relations of patronage kinship will threaten kinship ties which are eventually fragile and unravel, resulting in pseudo kingship if the conditions for a patron-client as Scott's theory are not fulfilled, and eventually become a transactional relationship bond. This research is expected to provide an understanding that kinship ties or patronage relations are traditionally socio-cultural capital that is increasingly threatened by the demands of economic and political interests in modern transactional relationships.

scholarly journals Hacia un nuevo modelo de inserción laboral de los inmigrantes

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Hernández Pedreño ◽  
Diego Pascual López Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
Regional Labour Markets ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
New Strategies

Introducción: El mercado de trabajo en España ha sufrido significativos cambios como consecuencia de la actual crisis económica. El efecto sobre el colectivo inmigrante se manifiesta desde el lado de la oferta y de la demanda, pues afloran nuevas estrategias en los trabajadores extranjeros y diferentes preferencias de contratación desde el empresariado. Estas pautas sugieren la aparición de un nuevo modelo de inserción laboral de la mano de obra extranjera en el contexto español.Método: A partir de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas se analiza en la Región de Murcia y en España la evolución de la situación laboral de los trabajadores inmigrantes. El análisis cuantitativo se fundamenta en la explotación estadística de varias fuentes de información sobre el mercado de trabajo nacional y regional. El análisis cualitativo se ha nutrido de once entrevistas en profundidad en las que se incluye a trabajadores extranjeros y a representantes del mundo empresarial.Resultados: Desde el marco teórico de la segmentación laboral se identifican las nuevas bases en las que se asientan las relaciones laborales tras la crisis económica, ofreciendo desde una doble visión (cuantitativa y cualitativa) las nuevas pautas que configuran la actual inserción laboral de los extranjeros en España. Así, además de verificar la tendencia hacia el cambio de modelo a nivel estadístico, se aportan los discursos de trabajadores inmigrantes y empresarios españoles que lo ratifican.Discusión o Conclusión: El análisis pone de manifiesto la afluencia de nuevas estrategias de inserción laboral según nacionalidad (modelo emergente), caracterizadas por diferentes pautas de competencia, sustitución y complementariedad; derivadas del propio proceso de integración socio-laboral de los inmigrantes y del devenir de la crisis económica, que coloca a los extranjeros en nuevas posiciones sociales. Un modelo alejado en algunos aspectos del modelo inicial (tradicional), donde predominaba la complementariedad laboral entre españoles y extranjeros y, en menor medida, la competencia. Introduction: As a result of the current economic crisis, the Spanish labour market has undergone significant changes. Immigrants have been affected in terms of the supply and demand given that employers are using new strategies and different contracting preferences for foreign workers. These guidelines suggest the emergence of a new model for the insertion of immigrants into the Spanish labour market.Method: Based on both qualitative and quantitative techniques, an analysis of the evolution of the current labour situation of immigrants has been carried out as regards the Region of Murcia and Spain. The quantitative analysis is based on the statistical use of several information resources regarding the national and regional labour markets. For the qualitative analysis, eleven in depth interviews have been held with foreign workers and representatives of the business world.Results: From the theoretical framework of the labour segmentation, the new bases, on which labour relationships are established following the financial crisis, have been identified. These bases offer a dual perspective (quantitative and qualitative) of the new guidelines that establish the current insertion of foreign citizens into the Spanish labour market. Thus, apart from the verification of the trend toward paradigm shift on a statistical level, we include the opinions of immigrant workers and Spanish employers confirming this.Discussion or Conclusion: The analysis reveals the existence of new strategies for insertion into the labour market according to nationality (emerging model) characterised by different patterns of competition, replacement and complementarity. These new guidelines are the result of the social and labour integration process of immigrants and the evolution of the economic crisis which gives foreign workers a new social status. An emerging model which, in some aspects, is far from the original model (traditional) where the labour complementarity between Spanish and foreign citizens was dominant and, to a lesser extent, competition.

Inalienability in social relations: Language, possession, and exchange in Amazonia

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ball
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Ethnolinguistic Identity ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis article describes inalienability in the Wauja (Arawak) language in the context of Brazilian Upper Xinguan culture. Wauja grammar encodes a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession that marks kin, body parts, and other terms and that largely but not perfectly overlaps with a local cultural category of emblematic possessions. I analyze how grammatical and cultural aspects of inalienable possession combine in discourse and exchange to contribute to the social identities of possessors. I present an ethnographic account of the role of inalienability in Wauja grammar and discourse in the disruption and repair of social relationships between groups in Upper Xinguan ritual. I argue for a mutually reinforcing relationship between grammatical categories and sociocultural meaning. I suggest that attention to language and possession, in addition to language and identity, is important for cross culturally comparative sociolinguistic analysis of such connections. (Inalienable possession, grammatical categories, discourse, exchange, Upper Xingu, Wauja (Arawak), ethnolinguistic identity)*

scholarly journals CAPITAL WITHOUT WAGE-LABOUR: MARX’S MODES OF SUBSUMPTION REVISITED

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Vrousalis
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
Authority Relations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Workplace Authority ◽  
Mode Of Production

Abstract:This paper argues that capitalist social relations do not presuppose wage-labour. The paper defends a functional definition of the capitalist relations of production, in terms of what Marx calls the ’subsumption of labour by capital’. I argue that there are at least four modes of subsumption, one transitional to and one transitional from the capitalist mode of production. Unlike the capitalist mode of production, capitalist relations of production are compatible with the absence of a labour market, and even with the absence of workplace authority relations. The ambit of capitalist domination is therefore broader than typically thought.

Girls' Puberty Songs and their Relation to Fertility, Health, Morality and Religion among the Zulu

Africa ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Jensen Krige
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphIn the tradition of van Gennep anthropologists have studied puberty rites mainly as rites of passage marking changes in status at the crises of life and, more recently, the role which these ceremonies play in the ordering and reordering of social relations. My purpose here is to approach Zulu puberty rites from a different angle: to examine them in the context of a system of beliefs and values underlying a whole group of ritual activities for the welfare of the community—for health, for rain, for fertility in man and beast. This context was suggested to my mind when, a few years ago, I attended a spring ceremonial in the form of hoeing a field in honour of Inkosazana or Nomkhubulwana, a maiden deity. These rites, long thought to have died out, have not only survived in outlying parts of the country, but have lately been revived in many areas, some quite close to Durban. When I heard the songs that were being sung in this ceremony it was suddenly brought home to me that this rite to secure good crops was conceived of in terms of a girl's puberty ceremony. Inkosazana, personification of nature, was symbolized as standing on the threshold of summer like a girl at her puberty ceremony, ready for marriage and procreation. These puberty songs form part also of a number of other rituals associated with Inkosazana rites to combat pests and epidemics and the herding of the cattle for a day by girls, a rite which Gluckman, mistakenly in my opinion, has interpreted as a ritual of rebellion. My main concern in this paper is to present and analyse some of the Zulu girls' puberty songs (reproduced in Appendix II), to show how they are connected with ideas of morality and to indicate briefly the relation of puberty rites to rituals associated with the deity Inkosazana.

The learning pathways of Brazilian surf coach developers

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Z Brasil ◽  
Valmor Ramos ◽  
Michel Milistetd ◽  
Diane M Culver ◽  
Juarez V do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Learning Pathways ◽  
Formative Experiences

The purpose of this study was to explore the learning pathways of five Brazilian surf coach developers, in order to understand how they became coach developers. A case study was conducted with five surf coach developers working in the sport participation context, and linked to a legally organized Brazilian surf federation. Three main research topics guided the semi-structured interviews: participants’ experiences as a surfer, as a surf coach, and as a coach developer. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to explore the participants’ perceptions of the experiences around becoming a surf coach developer. The study revealed a pattern of formative experiences for the participants, across their lives and careers. Their experiences as a surfer and as a surf coach, as well as their exposure to the surfing environment and their contact with significant others, influenced in their engagement in surfing and in the surf coach context; leading them eventually to the desire to share knowledge with others. Becoming a surf coach developer in this study corresponded to a mutual socialization process across a lifetime. This process was marked by situated socio-cultural aspects of different life phases, strongly influenced by the social relations established in immediate contexts (family) and with other specific groups (surfers, coaches, and developers).

scholarly journals Witchcraft

Africa ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
African Society ◽  
Evil Eye ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThere are few, if any, African societies which do not believe in witchcraft of one type or another. These types can be classified and their areas of distribution marked out. Thus we have the ‘evil eye’ type, the likundu type, and the kindoki type, and doubtless other variations could be distinguished. But though some notion which we can describe as a belief in witchcraft is found in maybe every African society it is far from playing a uniform part in each. In many communities, including the one from which the information used in this paper was gathered, witchcraft is a function of a wide range of social behaviour, while in others it has little ideological importance. In this paper my conclusions about the social relations of the witchcraft concept are drawn from twenty months experience of the Azande nation of the Nile-Uelle divide, where witchcraft is a ubiquitous notion. Whether what is true of this people is true of many other African communities I cannot say.

A very precarious profession:

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Roderick
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Workplace Experiences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Football Industry

Based on semi-structured interviews with 47 present and former professional footballers, this article explores the uncertainty that is a central feature of the professional footballer's workplace experiences, contributing to sociological understanding of insecurities stemming from the social relations of this type of work.The professional football industry has always been marked by a competitive labour market, and players quickly grasp the limited tenure of contracts, the constant surplus of talented labour, and their vulnerability to injury and ageing.To deal with the feelings of insecurity that arise from these working conditions, players develop networks of a) friends to whom they can turn if they perceive their status to be under threat, and b) dramaturgical selves(Collinson, 2003) in order to maintain stable, masculine workplace identities. Addressing feelings of uncertainty is an everpresent dimension of their working lives.

Determinants of effective SoLoMo advertising from the perspective of social capital

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ching Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Business To Consumer

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting attitudes toward social-local-mobile (SoLoMo) advertising from the perspective of social capital. Design/methodology/approach – There were 422 respondents filling out the survey instrument. The research model in this study is tested using SPSS 20 software. Findings – The results show that structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions of social capital have impacts on consumer attitudes toward SoLoMo advertising. Originality/value – It contributes to the literature by advancing our knowledge about determinants of effective SoLoMo advertising from the perspective of social capital. It also provides constructs that constitute the three dimensions in advertising. The author expands the understanding of the social relations under the context of business to consumer by adding substantial nuances to the understanding of the role of social capital in advertising. Finally, this study provides practical suggestions.

scholarly journals Kritische Gesellschaftstheorie und die Vielfalt der Emanzipationsperspektiven

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (165) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Demirović
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sexual Orientations

Social Movements have during the recent decades challenged the priority of the labour movement. Not only the liberation from wage labour is on the agenda of social movements and the left but also the overcoming of racism and sexism, equality of sexual orientations or the reconciliation of the social relation to nature. This is what Marx claimed when he spoke about the categorical imperative to overthrow all relations in which man is a debased, enslaved forsaken, despicable being. But the question arises as to how to bring these different perspectives together and whether the Marxian project of a critique of political economy is appropriate to its own claim or tends to reduce the whole of emancipation to only some limited goals. Demirovi? proposes making use of Marx’ conceptualisation of structure and superstructure and elaborating this distinction with further arguments from Althusser, Adorno and Gramsci in order to conceive of the superstructures as a strategic means of differentiating the bourgeois society as a complex whole of social relations.

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