The Eightfold Way: The Beauty of Klein's Quartic Curve

2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (507) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Nick Lord ◽  
Silvio Levy
Keyword(s):  
Quartic Curve ◽  
Klein's Quartic Curve

Fixed Points of Automorphisms of Compact Riemann Surfaces

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 922-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Riemann Surfaces ◽  
Homology Group ◽  
Group Of Automorphisms ◽  
Quartic Curve ◽  
Lefschetz Fixed Point Formula ◽  
Compact Riemann Surfaces ◽  
Klein's Quartic Curve ◽  
Fundamental Paper

In his fundamental paper [3], Hurwitz showed that the order of a group of biholomorphic transformations of a compact Riemann surface S into itself is bounded above by 84(g – 1) when S has genus g ≧ 2. This bound on the group of automorphisms (as we shall call the biholomorphic self-transformations) is attained for Klein's quartic curve of genus 3 [4] and, from this, Macbeath [7] deduced that the Hurwitz bound is attained for infinitely many values of g.After genus 3, the next smallest genus for which the bound is attained is the case g = 7. The equations of such a curve of genus 7 were determined by Macbeath [8] who also gave the equations of the transformations. The equations of these transformations were found by using the Lefschetz fixed point formula. If the number of fixed points of each element of a group of automorphisms is known, then the Lefschetz fixed point formula may be applied to deduce the character of the representation given by the group acting on the first homology group of the surface.

scholarly journals A plane quartic curve with twelve undulations

1945 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Edge
Keyword(s):  
Homogeneous Coordinates ◽  
Quartic Curve ◽  
Base Points ◽  
Octahedral Group ◽  
Quartic Form ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Quartic Curves ◽  
Set Of Points

The pencil of quartic curveswhere x, y, z are homogeneous coordinates in a plane, was encountered by Ciani [Palermo Rendiconli, Vol. 13, 1899] in his search for plane quartic curves that were invariant under harmonic inversions. If x, y, z undergo any permutation the ternary quartic form on the left of (1) is not altered; nor is it altered if any, or all, of x, y, z be multiplied by −1. There thus arises an octahedral group G of ternary collineations for which every curve of the pencil is invariant.Since (1) may also be writtenthe four linesare, as Ciani pointed out, bitangents, at their intersections with the conic C whose equation is x2 + y2 + z2 = 0, to every quartic of the pencil. The 16 base points of the pencil are thus all accounted for—they consist of these eight contacts counted twice—and this set of points must of course be invariant under G. Indeed the 4! collineations of G are precisely those which give rise to the different permutations of the four lines (2), a collineation in a plane being determined when any four non-concurrent lines and the four lines which are to correspond to them are given. The quadrilateral formed by the lines (2) will be called q.

On Five Lines, in Space of Four Dimensions, which lie upon a, Quadric Threefold and the Normal Quartic Curves of which they are Chords

1924 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
F. Bath
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Quartic Curve ◽  
Lines In Space ◽  
Quadric Threefold ◽  
Quartic Curves

The connexion between the conditions for five lines of S4(i) to lie upon a quadric threefold,and (ii) to be chords of a normal quartic curve,leads to an apparent contradiction. This difficulty is explained in the first paragraph below and, subsequently, two investigations are given of which the first uses, mainly, properties of space of three dimensions.

Modeling Covid-19 Cases in West African Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Quartic Curve Estimation Models and Estimators

2021 ◽  
pp. 359-454
Author(s):  
Kayode Ayinde ◽  
Hamidu Abimbola Bello ◽  
Rauf Ibrahim Rauf ◽  
Omokova Mary Attah ◽  
Ugochinyere Ihuoma Nwosu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
West African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Curve Estimation ◽  
Quartic Curve ◽  
Estimation Models

scholarly journals On the uninodal quartic curve

1927 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conical Point ◽  
Cubic Surface ◽  
Quartic Curve ◽  
General Plane ◽  
The One ◽  
Limiting Case

In comparison with the general plane quartic on the one hand, and the curves having either two or three nodes on the other, the uninodal curve has been neglected. Many of its properties may of course be deduced from those of the general quartic in the limiting case when an oval shrinks to a point or when two branches approach and ultimately unite. The modifications of properties of the bitangents are shewn more clearly by Geiser's method, in which these lines are obtained by projecting the lines of a cubic surface from a point on the surface. As the point moves up to and crosses a line on the surface, the quartic acquires a node and certain pairs of bitangents obviously coincide, viz. those obtained by projecting two lines coplanar with that on which the point lies. A nodal quartic curve and its double tangents may also be obtained by projecting a cubic surface which has a conical point from an arbitrary point on the surface. Each of these three methods leads us to the conclusion that, when a quartic acquires a node, twelve of the double tangents coincide two and two and become six tangents from the node, and the other sixteen remain as genuine bitangents: the twelve which coincide are six pairs of a Steiner complex.

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