Confucian Trustworthiness and the Practice of Business in China

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Koehn

Abstract:Confucius’s teachings fall under four headings: “culture, moral conduct, doing one’s best, and being trustworthy in what one says” (7/25). Trust or, more precisely, being trustworthy, plays a central role in the Confucian ethic. This paper begins by examining the Confucian concept of trustworthiness. The second part of the paper discusses how the ideal of trustworthiness makes itself felt in business practices within China. The paper concludes by raising and addressing several objections to the Confucian emphasis on trustworthiness.

Author(s):  
Matthew Clayton ◽  
Andres Moles

Is the political community morally permitted to use neurointerventions to improve the moral conduct of children? Putting aside difficult questions concerning the institutionalization of moral enhancement, the authors address this question, first, by arguing that is not, in itself, always morally impermissible for the community to impose neurointerventions on adults. Although certain ideals, such as the ideal of individual autonomy, limit the permissible employment of neurointerventions, they do not generate a moral constraint that always forbids their use. Thereafter, they argue that because young children lack certain moral capacities that adults possess, the moral limits that pertain to the use of neurointerventions to improve their moral behaviour are, in principle, less restrictive than they are for adults.


2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hoffmann

It is one fundamental conviction of ancient philosophy that, in contrast to the vast majority, only few are able to gain knowledge of truth. This axiom, which also underlies Cicero’s Hortensius, is adapted by the young Augustine. When looking for a concept of truth that combines the ideal of a philosophical existence with Christianity, he decides to join the Manichaeans. As opposed to the ‘mainline church’ of the catholica in which ‘the many’ are gathered, the Manichaeans appear to him as a small, elitist Christian community meeting higher intellectual as well as ethical demands. This claim seems to be particularly and impressively confirmed by the ‘pauci electi’. Their approach has apparently strengthened Augustine’s belief that true, higher Christianity is to be found amongst the Manichaeans. When he later devotes himself to the catholica and leads the fight against the Manichaeans, Augustine adheres to the conviction of the ‘few wise’. Also within the catholica only few attain maximum insight and lead an appropriate life. At the same time, however, Augustine increasingly considers ‘the many’ as positive. These two aspects are combined in his epistemological concept of ‘auctoritas’: by means of their auctoritas, the few ‘wise’ within the Catholic Church are supposed to guide the many towards truth on their journey of faith and cause them to improve their moral conduct. Its big success is a major argument for the catholica, whilst the ‘paucitas’ of the Manichaeans (and all heretics) can be considered evidence of the groundlessness and absurdity of their doctrine.


ijd-demos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmad Hidayat ◽  
Asrul Raman

Economics regulation by the state is indeed very necessary to ensure that the pursuit of profit does not conflict with social welfare. That is the reason why regulatory economics becomes really important. However, the context in this paper contradicts with the ideal substance of regulatory economics in which the government proactively provides incentives to remain entrenched monopolistic business practices while taking a dominant role in importing salt commodity through the issuance of a public policy that is more permissive and accommodating to those interests. This paper aims to describe the political dynamics in the formulation and implementation of salt import policy in Post-Soeharto Indonesia which was mainly characterized by the practice of unfair business competition. As descriptive qualitative research, this study utilized in-depth interviews, observation, document tracking, and document analysis techniques in which a number of bureaucrats, entrepreneurs, and salt farmers were used as informants to mine the data. The results of this study show that government intervention through Permendag No. 125/2015 does not reveal a pure orientation of "liberating salt commodity trade from monopolistic business practices", but to satisfy its vested interests and save the sakes of certain importers who were being the important part of its business collusion. Content imperfections, deliberate elimination of substantive obligations, facilitation of rent-seeking and monopolistic business practices, and the impartiality of the regulation’s purpose with the livelihoods of salt farmers in Indonesia become primary impetuses of the resistance of various parties to the dark side of regulatory economics imposed by the government.Regulasi ekonomi oleh negara memang sangat diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa pengejaran keuntungan tidak bertentangan dengan kesejahteraan sosial. Itulah alasan mengapa ekonomi regulasi menjadi sangat penting. Namun, konteks dalam makalah ini bertentangan dengan substansi ideal ekonomi pengatur di mana pemerintah secara proaktif memberikan insentif untuk tetap mempertahankan praktik bisnis monopolistik sambil mengambil peran dominan dalam mengimpor komoditas garam melalui penerbitan kebijakan publik yang lebih permisif dan akomodatif. untuk kepentingan itu. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dinamika politik dalam perumusan dan implementasi kebijakan impor garam di Indonesia pasca-Soeharto yang terutama ditandai oleh praktik persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Sebagai penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara mendalam, observasi, penelusuran dokumen, dan teknik analisis dokumen di mana sejumlah birokrat, pengusaha, dan petani garam digunakan sebagai informan untuk menambang data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intervensi pemerintah melalui Permendag No. 125/2015 tidak mengungkapkan orientasi murni "membebaskan perdagangan komoditas garam dari praktik bisnis monopolistik", tetapi untuk memuaskan kepentingan pribadi dan menyelamatkan kepentingan importir tertentu yang sedang bagian penting dari kolusi bisnisnya. Ketidaksempurnaan konten, penghapusan sengaja kewajiban substantif, fasilitasi perburuan rente dan praktik bisnis monopolistik, dan ketidakberpihakan tujuan regulasi dengan mata pencaharian petani garam di Indonesia menjadi dorongan utama dari resistensi berbagai pihak terhadap sisi gelap ekonomi regulasi. dipaksakan oleh pemerintah.


2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Brühöfener

AbstractThis article situates the establishment of the Bundeswehr and the implementation of compulsory military service in the 1950s and early 1960s within contemporary efforts to define a “sexual-moral order” for the Federal Republic of Germany. It argues that West Germany's rearmament offered contemporaries an opportunity to stipulate not only acceptable soldierly behavior, but also adequate male behavior in general. In the context of heightened concerns about juvenile delinquents (so-called Halbstarken), female prostitution, homosexuality, and the distribution of pornographic materials, West German citizens became interested in the social and sexual conduct of Bundeswehr soldiers and officers. Whereas some still considered the military to be a “school of the nation” and of proper masculinity, others worried about the armed forces as a possible breeding ground for immorality. Partly sharing these concerns, government representatives, members of the Bundestag, church officials, and military commanders sought to guide soldiers’ behavior, emphasizing the ideal of the “complete” (vollkommene) Christian male-breadwinner family.


Author(s):  
M.S. Shahrabadi ◽  
T. Yamamoto

The technique of labeling of macromolecules with ferritin conjugated antibody has been successfully used for extracellular antigen by means of staining the specimen with conjugate prior to fixation and embedding. However, the ideal method to determine the location of intracellular antigen would be to do the antigen-antibody reaction in thin sections. This technique contains inherent problems such as the destruction of antigenic determinants during fixation or embedding and the non-specific attachment of conjugate to the embedding media. Certain embedding media such as polyampholytes (2) or cross-linked bovine serum albumin (3) have been introduced to overcome some of these problems.


Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.


Author(s):  
R. Beeuwkes ◽  
A. Saubermann ◽  
P. Echlin ◽  
S. Churchill

Fifteen years ago, Hall described clearly the advantages of the thin section approach to biological x-ray microanalysis, and described clearly the ratio method for quantitive analysis in such preparations. In this now classic paper, he also made it clear that the ideal method of sample preparation would involve only freezing and sectioning at low temperature. Subsequently, Hall and his coworkers, as well as others, have applied themselves to the task of direct x-ray microanalysis of frozen sections. To achieve this goal, different methodological approachs have been developed as different groups sought solutions to a common group of technical problems. This report describes some of these problems and indicates the specific approaches and procedures developed by our group in order to overcome them. We acknowledge that the techniques evolved by our group are quite different from earlier approaches to cryomicrotomy and sample handling, hence the title of our paper. However, such departures from tradition have been based upon our attempt to apply basic physical principles to the processes involved. We feel we have demonstrated that such a break with tradition has valuable consequences.


Author(s):  
G. Van Tendeloo ◽  
J. Van Landuyt ◽  
S. Amelinckx

Polytypism has been studied for a number of years and a wide variety of stacking sequences has been detected and analysed. SiC is the prototype material in this respect; see e.g. Electron microscopy under high resolution conditions when combined with x-ray measurements is a very powerful technique to elucidate the correct stacking sequence or to study polytype transformations and deviations from the ideal stacking sequence.


Author(s):  
N. Bonnet ◽  
M. Troyon ◽  
P. Gallion

Two main problems in high resolution electron microscopy are first, the existence of gaps in the transfer function, and then the difficulty to find complex amplitude of the diffracted wawe from registered intensity. The solution of this second problem is in most cases only intended by the realization of several micrographs in different conditions (defocusing distance, illuminating angle, complementary objective apertures…) which can lead to severe problems of contamination or radiation damage for certain specimens.Fraunhofer holography can in principle solve both problems stated above (1,2). The microscope objective is strongly defocused (far-field region) so that the two diffracted beams do not interfere. The ideal transfer function after reconstruction is then unity and the twin image do not overlap on the reconstructed one.We show some applications of the method and results of preliminary tests.Possible application to the study of cavitiesSmall voids (or gas-filled bubbles) created by irradiation in crystalline materials can be observed near the Scherzer focus, but it is then difficult to extract other informations than the approximated size.


Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
D. Krahl ◽  
H.-P Rust

The high detection quantum efficiency (DQE) is the main requirement for an imagerecording system used in electron microscopy of radiation-sensitive specimens. An electronic TV system of the type shown in Fig. 1 fulfills these conditions and can be used for either analog or digital image storage and processing [1], Several sources of noise may reduce the DQE, and therefore a careful selection of various elements is imperative.The noise of target and of video amplifier can be neglected when the converter stages produce sufficient target electrons per incident primary electron. The required gain depends on the type of the tube and also on the type of the signal processing chosen. For EBS tubes, for example, it exceeds 10. The ideal case, in which all impinging electrons create uniform charge peaks at the target, is not obtainable for several reasons, and these will be discussed as they relate to a system with a scintillator, fiber-optic and photo-cathode combination as the first stage.


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