The “Internationalization” of the Japanese Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalmers Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
Japanese Market ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Experienced Difficulty ◽  
Made In

Foreign businesspeople have experienced difficulty in selling to or investing in the Japanese market. Often, they explain their frustration in terms of Japan's allegedly “closed” economy. This article explores why and how Japan's economy was closed and details efforts made in recent years to open it. It rejects the argument that Japan's culture is itself a nontariff barrier to trade and instead argues that Japanese government policy has been the main barrier. Underlying this analysis is a comparison of the Japanese capitalist developmental state and the American regulatory state.

Japanese Government Policy, Business Opinion and the Seoul–Pusan Railway, 1894–1906

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Business World ◽  
Meiji Period ◽  
Economic Journals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Affairs

Like most research on Japanese involvement in Korea in the latter years of the Meiji period, this article is deeply indebted to the pioneer work of Professor Hilary Conroy. I have also drawn heavily on the work of Eugene and Han-kyo Kim. However, a detailed study of the railways of Korea does not come within the framework of Professor Conroy's book, and there is little material on the subject available in English. In Japanese there is the official government history, the Chōsen Tetsudō Shi, but the purpose of this essay is to show the views of the business world on the subject, and so contemporary articles in the leading economic journals have constituted the most important source. A consideration of those articles which comment on the changing state of affairs will perhaps clarify the reasons underlying dōmestic pressure for Japanese involvement in the construction of Korean railways.

scholarly journals Razones y maravedís: una mirada crítica a los negocios del ferrocarril en España (1844-1943)

2018 ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Domingo Cuéllar
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
State Financing ◽  
La Red ◽  
Made In

Resumen: El negocio de los ferrocarriles en España en la etapa del sistema de concesiones a compañías privadas abarcó un largo periodo que se aproximó al siglo. La primera línea puesta en explotación lo hizo en 1848 y la nacionalización de toda la red de vía ancha se decretó en 1941. El estudio en el largo plazo del desarrollo de esas empresas y su relación con el Estado regulador del sistema tiene tres periodos claves bien diferenciados, aunque muy desiguales en su duración: la concesión, la explotación y el rescate.En cada una de esas etapas se tejieron relaciones de complejo análisis y se presentaron escenarios con evidentes conflictos de intereses entre sus protagonistas, se dieron desembolsos no siempre justificados de los caudales públicos, o se promulgaron normas que no ayudaron a un funcionamiento equilibrado del sistema. El ferrocarril siempre ha estado en el punto de mira, lo que nos obliga a hacer un análisis crítico de su historia.Palabras clave: Historia económica, Ferrocarriles, Empresas, Estado, Financiación Historia contemporánea de España, Historia de Cataluña.Abstract: The business of the railways in Spain in the stage of the system of concessions to private companies covered a long period that approached the century. The first line put into operation was made in 1848 and the nationalization of the entire wide-track network was enacted in 1941. The long-term study of the development of these companies and their relationship with the regulatory state of the system has three key periods differentiated, although very unequal in their duration: the concession, the exploitation and the rescue.In each of these stages, it’s spun relationships with complex analysis and it’s made scenarios with obvious conflicts of interest between their protagonists, outlays not always justified from public flows, or rules were promulgated that did not help a balanced functioning of the system. The railway has always been in the spotlight, which forces us to make a critical analysis of its history.Keywords: Economic History, Railways, Companies, State, Financing.

Xi's pressure on Chinese firms will only go so far

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Made In China ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Regulatory Actions ◽  
Made In

Significance Since he took office, private firms have suffered most from attempts to rein in corporate debt, while state firms have benefited from flagship initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative and Made In China 2025. Now, a series of reforms and assertive regulatory actions is targeting sectors dominated by private firms, including internet platforms and education. Impacts Private firms will further increase their presence in the Chinese economy, although at a slower pace than before. More emphasis will be put on support for small and medium-sized firms as major employers and drivers of economic growth. Preferential treatment of state-owned enterprises will remain a pillar of government policy.

Gimcracks, Dollar Blouses, and Transistors: American Reactions to Imported Japanese Products, 1945-1964

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Warner Mettler
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
National Security Council ◽  
American Press ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
Made In

This article examines the changing extent of the Cold War's influence on popular American perceptions of goods made in Japan. Although the National Security Council recommended in 1948 that the United States rebuild Japan's devastated economy to strengthen an anti-communist ally in East Asia (and America's position there), U.S. merchants, consumers, manufacturers, and journalists did not consistently go along with this official economic policy. The American press initially depicted the Japanese economy as needing assistance and producing only cheap, inconsequential products, but as Japan's economy began to recover in the mid-1950s and Japanese manufacturers produced better quality goods, concerns over competition revived racialized wartime rhetoric. Japan's emergence as a successful exporter of high-end merchandise by the 1960s seemed to prove the strength of American-style free market capitalism.

scholarly journals Three Types of Economic Strategies in Japanese History

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 01157
Author(s):  
Jiayin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Technology Strategy ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Negative Effect

Japanese economy was ruined in the WWII, but grew quickly after this war. The strategies of Japanese government used to recover the economy are analyzed through reviewing the literature in this paper. The conclusions are as follows: after the war, Japanese government had applied various policies to help their economy to grow, although not all of them got the expected result. During 1950-1970, Japanese government carried out trade strategy, which can help Japan increase exports, learn from foreign countries, and improve their industry. From 1980s, Japanese government carried out science and technology strategy, which helped Japanese to create some improved versions of technologies based on knowledge they learned from foreigners before. And during 1985 to 1990, in order to remit the appreciation of yen (Japanese money), Japanese government applied a policy called “quantitative easing policy”, which increased the yen in circulation and thus helped yen to depreciate. The first two polices indeed boosted the economy, however the last policy had an negative effect on Japanese economy in the end. But generally speaking, these policies brought Japan to a higher economic level compared with several years before when the WWII ended.

scholarly journals “They’d Lost Everything and Were Not Qualified”: The Legacy of the Unmet Education Promises Made in Treaty 7

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarisa Dawn Little
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Government Of Canada ◽  
Tsuu T'ina ◽  
Made In

This paper provides an analysis of the education promises made in Treaty 7 by the Crown and federal government of Canada. Signed on the banks of the Bow River at Blackfoot Crossing in 1877, the treaty was desired by both government officials and Indigenous Nations in what is now southern Alberta—the Tsuu T’ina, the Stoney Nakoda, and the Blackfoot Confederacy: Siksika, Piikani, Kainai.  As this thesis will demonstrate though, Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples viewed the meaning of the treaty in conflicting ways. This paper focuses on the creation and management of the schools in the Treaty 7 territories from 1877, the year Treaty 7 was “signed”, to 1923, the year in which industrial and boarding schools were merged to form the new category of “residential school” and the decade in which government policy for schools for Indigenous peoples began to take a new, less ambitious direction. The implementation of schools by the Department of Indian Affairs and their church partners, the type of education that was being offered to First Nations peoples, as well as First Nations responses will be examined. 

scholarly journals Commercial Structures and the Globalisation of Viticulture in Catalonia: From Brandy to Wine and Cava (Eighteenth–Twentieth Centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Llorenç Ferrer-Alos
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Market ◽  
International Markets ◽  
First Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Sparkling Wine ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Experienced Difficulty ◽  
Made In

This paper analyses the evolution of viticulture in Catalonia since theeighteenth century, when the industry entered the international market, with massive exports of brandy to northern Europe and the Spanish colonial market. In the nineteenth century, Catalan viticultural produce was exported mainly to Latin America in exchange for the importation of cotton. After the phylloxera crisis, viticulture experienced difficulty in internationalisation until the specialisation in cava, a sparkling wine made in the same way as champagne, kept the wine production going. In the twenty-first century, thespecialisation in quality wines is also related to the export to international markets.

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