Black Migration, White Flight

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Highway Construction ◽  
White Flight ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This chapter presents new causal evidence on the relationship between black arrivals to cities and white departures, a trend referred to as “white flight.” The simultaneity of black in-migration from the South and white relocation to the suburbs, both of which peaked from 1940 to 1970, suggests that the two population flows may be related. This chapter uses variation in the timing of black in-migration to the seventy largest cities in the North and West to distinguish white flight from other causes of suburbanization. It argues that while white suburbanization was primarily motivated by economic forces, including rising incomes, new highway construction, and the falling cost of credit in the decades after World War II, white departures from the city were also, in part, a reaction to black in-migration.

Money and the Ghetto, Money in the Ghetto

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-499
Author(s):  
Destin Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Racial Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This essay revisits Making the Second Ghetto to consider what Arnold Hirsch argued about the relationship between race, money, and the ghetto. It explores how Hirsch’s analysis of this relationship was at once consistent with those penned by other urban historians and distinct from those interested in the political economy of the ghetto. Although moneymaking was hardly the main focus, Hirsch’s engagement with “Vampire” rental agencies and panic peddlers laid the groundwork for an analysis that treats the post–World War II metropolis as a crucial node in the history of racial capitalism. Finally, this essay offers a way to connect local forms of violence to the kinds of constraints imposed by financiers far removed from the city itself.

scholarly journals Memory and change through Le Corbusier. Fragments of urban views

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola Gorgeri
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
World War ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Urban Project ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
New Buildings

Abstract: In the urban project of Le Corbusier the relationship between new and existing is opportunity of poetic composition. The real traces of the past of one place are transformative tools by which the new project is developed. The projects after World War II, like reconstruction project of Saint-Dié, are occasions to reflect about the new urban developments, rapid and extensive, and the relation of them with the landscape in a new territorial vision. The fragments of past and the new buildings are seen like belonging to a same context of reference and the entire urban composition forming part of a landscape on more large scale. Therefore, the urban project is an ensemble of architectural objects and nature that are held together by calculated visual relation. It is a kind of montage of urban views related to the dimension and measure of the human subject, like visual points or pedestrian paths. Memory and change are linked together by the natural history process and commensurate also to the human measure by a three dimension urbanism where the architecture can anew make the city. Resumen: En el proyecto urbanístico de Le Corbusier la relación entre la nueva y la existente es la oportunidad de la composición poética. Las huellas reales del pasado de un lugar son herramientas de transformación por el que se desarrolla el nuevo proyecto. Los proyectos después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como el proyecto de reconstrucción de Saint-Dié, son ocasiones para reflexionar acerca de los nuevos desarrollos urbanos, rápidas y amplias, y la relación de ellos con el paisaje en una nueva visión territorial. Los fragmentos del pasado y los nuevos edificios son vistos como pertenecientes a un mismo contexto de referencia y toda la composición que forma parte urbana de un paisaje de más gran escala. Por lo tanto, el proyecto urbano es un conjunto de objetos arquitectónicos y la naturaleza que se mantienen unidas por la relación visual calculada. Es una especie de montaje de vistas urbanas relacionadas con la dimensión y la medida del ser humano, al igual que los puntos visuales o caminos peatonales. La memoria y el cambio están unidos entre sí por el proceso de la historia natural y acorde también a la medida humana por un tres dimensiones urbanismo donde la arquitectura de nuevo puede hacer de la ciudad.  Keywords: urban project; landscape; memory; Saint-Dié. Palabras clave: proyecto urbano; paisaje; memoria; Saint-Dié. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.927 

The Urban/Suburban Divide

Latino City ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llana Barber
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
White Flight ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
World War ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Suburban Development ◽  
The City

Chapter One locates the roots of Lawrence's economic decline in suburban development from World War II until 1980. It focuses on white flight from the city and the divergent housing markets that developed between Lawrence and its suburbs. In addition, it traces the decline of Lawrence's economy and tax base in the postwar decades, arguing that suburban competition for industry and retail played a major role in eviscerating Lawrence's economy.

South Lake Shore Drive and Bridging the River

2021 ◽  
pp. 218-243
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Kearney ◽  
Thomas W. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World's Fair ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
Property Law ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
Property Owners

This chapter tells the story of Lake Shore Drive on the South Side, including how it became one with its counterpart on the North Side. The chapter argues that the idea of south Lake Shore Drive, in a very general sense, can be traced to the World's Fair. It also discusses Edward O. Brown's boundary-line agreements, and its significance in the construction of south Lake Shore Drive, where they encountered a more formidable adversary: the Illinois Central Railroad. The chapter points out Illinois Central's environmental concerns, arguing that there was no guarantee the Illinois Central would electrify its lines. It might instead intensify the level of its operations on the South Side or provide trackage to other railroads, producing more smoke and soot for adjacent property owners. The chapter then shifts to discuss the impacts of the Depression and World War II on the Illinois Central's plans to capitalize on the air rights — the authority as a matter of property law to control space above the surface of land.

Building the Entertainment Machine: Charles L. Mee's Time to Burn and the Performance of Postindustrial Decay in Chicago

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-217
Author(s):  
Aaron Krall
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Real Estate Finance ◽  
World War ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

During his first mayoral campaign in January 1989, Richard M. Daley insisted that “Everybody talks about bringing manufacturing back. There aren't going to be any more soap factories on Clybourn Avenue[.] … The city is changing. You're not going to bring manufacturing back.” Although this was a controversial statement at the time and Mayor Daley later embraced promanufacturing policies, it reflected an awareness of a fundamental economic shift in Chicago. By the late 1980s, the city had lost over half of its post–World War II manufacturing jobs, and companies were continuing to leave the city for more space, lower taxes, and a less expensive labor force. In fact, only months after Daley's comments, Procter & Gamble announced that it would close its fifty-nine-year-old soap plant at 1232 West North Avenue on the North Branch of the Chicago River, eliminating 275 manufacturing jobs in the process. Deindustrialization was under way, causing anxiety for politicians and pain for factory workers, but a new economy that was focused on real estate, finance, and culture was emerging in Chicago.

Tenements to bungalows: class and the growth of home ownership before ‘World War II’

Urban History ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette O'Carroll
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
White Collar ◽  
World War ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTWhich social groups were moving into owner occupation in Britain before the Second World War is a matter of controversy, with opposing claims that this involved mainly white-collar or skilled manual workers. Although reliable figures showing the growth of home ownership in this period are rare, data are available for Edinburgh which indicate that tenure development in the city probably resembled that of England and Wales rather than the rest of Scotland. The relationship between income and the cost of home ownership is examined and this suggests that the main social group to move into owner occupation were probably white-collar workers. However, an analysis of occupational information from housing across a range of values in the city shows that this movement also affected manual workers and that there was a strong association between the proportions in each social class and the average rateable value of areas of housing.

scholarly journals Household of the Special Settlers of Chechen Ethnicity in Semipalatinsk Region: Historical Sources Obtained from the Documentation Center of Contemporary History of Eastern Kazakhstan (Semey)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Bakyt Zh. Atantaeva ◽  
Gulnara Y. Mamayeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Study ◽  
The City ◽  
Eastern Kazakhstan

The present paper features various sources obtained from the Documentation Center of Contemporary History of Eastern Kazakhstan (the city of Semey). The research objective was to draw a detailed picture of the resettlement and economic conditions that special immigrants from the North Caucasus had to face in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh Republic during World War II. A source study analysis of the archive documents revealed various aspects of the subject in question. The documents were divided into several blocks: (1) information on the number and geography of the resettlement; (2) complex characteristics of the labor and economic household; (3) education and social security. The analysis of the documents showed that the placement of Chechens as special settlers led to extremely negative social and demographic consequences, causing an irreparable damage to their material and spiritual culture. Despite various economic, household, and labor measures, the deported people had to live in hard conditions.

Eritrean Customary Law

1959 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Russell
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Shore

Eritrea is a territory of about 46,000 sq. miles on the western shore of the Red Sea. It is bounded on the south by Ethiopia, on the north and west by the Sudan, and on the south east by French Somaliland. Its one million inhabitants are divided almost equally between Coptic Christians and Moslems, with a few Europeans, mostly Italians. Eritrea was an Italian colony from 1890 to the 1947 peace treaty which ended World War II, under which Italy renounced all claim to it. The British conquered it in 1941, and administered it until 15th September, 1952, when it became federated with Ethiopia as an autonomous unit, pursuant to a resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, passed 2nd December, 1950.2 Eritrea today resembles an American state, with jurisdiction over its local laws, including customary law.

scholarly journals The South Brisbane Municipal Chambers: A landmark with many pasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Peter Roennfeldt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
City Council ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post War ◽  
Girls School ◽  
The City

AbstractDuring its 125-year history, the South Brisbane Municipal Chambers (Old Town Hall) has had numerous custodians and functions. Designed as a prominent landmark directly across the Brisbane River from the Queensland Parliament building, its ornate architectural features make it a unique example of late colonial extravagance. With the absorption of the City of South Brisbane into the greater Brisbane City Council in 1925, the building lost its original purpose, but was subsequently deployed in various ways. After serving as a Council Works Depot, it became the headquarters of the US armed forces Military Police during World War II, and was then converted into post-war residential flats for government engineers and architects. Since the late 1950s, ‘The Chambers’ has been an educational and cultural centre, initially as the first campus of the Queensland Conservatorium of Music, then as a centre for adult learning, and finally now in its completely refurbished form as part of the girls’ school Somerville House. This ‘building biography’ traces the various phases of this iconic landmark from the viewpoint of those who worked, lived or studied there, and also provides insights into its social context within the South Brisbane community.

John Cranko's Antigone (1959): A Ballet Lost and Found

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Henrietta Bannerman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jean Racine ◽  
World War ◽  
Martha Graham ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Lost And Found ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tragic Drama ◽  
The Relationship

John Cranko's dramatic and theatrically powerful Antigone (1959) disappeared from the ballet repertory in 1966 and this essay calls for a reappraisal and restaging of the work for 21st century audiences. Created in a post-World War II environment, and in the wake of appearances in London by the Martha Graham Company and Jerome Robbins’ Ballets USA, I point to American influences in Cranko's choreography. However, the discussion of the Greek-themed Antigone involves detailed consideration of the relationship between the ballet and the ancient dramas which inspired it, especially as the programme notes accompanying performances emphasised its Sophoclean source but failed to recognise that Cranko mainly based his ballet on an early play by Jean Racine. As Antigone derives from tragic drama, the essay investigates catharsis, one of the many principles that Aristotle delineated in the Poetics. This well-known effect is produced by Greek tragedies but the critics of the era complained about its lack in Cranko's ballet – views which I challenge. There is also an investigation of the role of Antigone, both in the play and in the ballet, and since Cranko created the role for Svetlana Beriosova, I reflect on memories of Beriosova's interpretation supported by more recent viewings of Edmée Wood's 1959 film.

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