Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-97
Author(s):  
Adam Teller
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
The Mediterranean

This chapter provides an overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Jews who were taken captive to be ransomed or sold into slavery. Once captured, these Jewish women and men found themselves trapped in two major international economic systems of the period. The first was the international trade in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Circassian captives carried out by the Crimean Tatars with the support of the Ottoman Empire. The second economic system was piracy in the Mediterranean. Two major issues are at the heart of the discussion on the fates of these Jewish captives. The first concerns the slave trade itself and how its market conditions shaped the fate of the captured Jews. The second deals with the effort to ransom the Jewish captives from eastern Europe and is focused on the transregional Jewish philanthropic networks that raised huge sums and transported them the long distances to the slave market, examining them in terms of both their form and their function.

scholarly journals The role of factoring in international trade financing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Tural Alasgarli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic System ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Finance ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Financing

As 20th century ends, international economic system has gained new characteristics, international trade and its finance has reached at a different aspect. Parallel to the increasing trade relations, new technics of foreign trade finance has been widely available. Among them, factoring was evaluated in this study.

Evolution of International Commercial Policy over the Decades and the Plight of the Developing Countries

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-393
Author(s):  
S. Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The One

This article has been developed not only as a chronicle of events in the field of international commercial policy but also as development of the thinking of the international community. It carefully records important developments in the GATT, UNCTAD and the UN General Assembly. There is, however, one aspect of the question, which it does not deal with, viz., the international trade policy followed by the soCialist countries of Eastern Europe. This subject requires separate treatment, as the economic system followed by these countries is different from the one followed by the developed market economy countries.

Money and the New World Economy

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Veit
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Economic System ◽  
World Economy ◽  
New World ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
Payments System ◽  
The Future

When it comes to discussing such a broad and highly speculative subject as the future of the international trade and payments system, I feel like the scholar who one day discovered that Christopher Columbus had set sail for America with four ships. Of course his astonished colleagues demanded an explanation for what had happened to the hitherto unknown fourth ship. The scholar replied that it had gone over the edge. In peering over the precipice at which the international economic system now lies, there is considerable danger of judging how the system is doing rather than what it is doing, or of projecting one's convictions about how it should operate in the future directly into a forecast. I shall try to avoid these traps.

scholarly journals AUSTRIAN TRADE TOWARDS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ASIA DURING THE 18th CENTURY

1970 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
BORO BRONZA
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
The Real

After geographical discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries the economic system based on trade began to develop in the real sense at the planetary level. During the 18th century, just before the start of the industrial revolution, the system experienced a peak. Naval powers played a key role in its global development, as their commercial and military fleets enabled the constant fluctuation of the goods on all oceans and continents. The trade of European naval forces with India and other parts of Asia was particularly significant regarding the commercial aspects and large profits were achieved especially in the triangle of slave trade between Europe, Africa and America. In this context Austria was mostly just an observer because its effect on the global commercial efforts was dominantly continental. However, with the development of the 18thcentury Austria invested also more efforts to increase its share in the global trade and the accumulation of trade capital. The Court Chamber was efficiently organized for the new conditions of economic activity in 1714 through a thorough set of reforms. The division of chambers into independent commissions was fully achieved. It was an adequate administrative basis for the start of the Austrian trade expansion to the east and southeast throughout the rest of the 18th century.

The principles of duality in the light of the system economic theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-149
Author(s):  
George B. Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic System ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Reproduction Cycle ◽  
Basic Concepts

This paper shows the diversity and significance of relations of duality among different economic systems. The composition of the principles underlying the system economic theory used for the analysis of duality in the economy is investigated. The concept of the economic system is clarified and the equivalence of three basic concepts of the economic system is shown: a) as a space-time volume (“black box”); b) as a complex of elements and connections among them; c) as a tetrad, including object, project, process and environment components. In a new way, the concept of the tetrad is revealed. The actual interpretation of the interrelationships of its components, based on the mechanisms of intersystem circulation of spatial and temporal resources and the transmission of abilities from one economic system to another, is proposed. On the basis of the obtained results, the most essential aspects of duality in the theory of economic systems are considered. It is shown that the interaction of internal content and the nearest external environment of economic systems lies in the nature of the relations of duality. A new approach to modeling the structure and to functioning of the economic system, based on the description of its activities in the form of two interconnected tetrads (the first tetrad reflects the intrasystem production cycle and the second one — the external realization-reproduction cycle) is put forward. It is shown that the concept of duality in a system economy creates prerequisites for adapting the functioning of local economic systems (objects, projects, etc.) in a market, administrative and functional environments and, as a result, harmonizing the economy as a whole.

ACCOUNTING REPRESENTATION AND THE SLAVE TRADE: THE GUIDE DU COMMERCE OF GAIGNAT DE L'AULNAIS

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl S. McWatters ◽  
Yannick Lemarchand
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Real World ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
French Language ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Language Literature

The Guide du commerce occupies a distinctive place in the French-language literature on accounting. Passed over by most specialists in the history of maritime trade and the slave trade, the manual has never been the subject of a documented historical study. The apparent realism of the examples, the luxury of details and their precision, all bear witness to a deep concern to go beyond a simple apprenticeship in bookkeeping. Promoting itself essentially as “un guide du commerce,” the volume offers strategic examples for small local businesses, as well as for those engaged in international trade. Yet, the realism also demonstrated the expertise of the author in the eyes of potential purchasers. Inspired by the work of Bottin [2001], we investigate the extent to which the manual reflects real-world practices and provides a faithful glimpse into the socio-economic context of the period. Two additional questions are discussed briefly in our conclusion. First, can the work of Gaignat constitute a source document for the history of la traite négrière? The second entails our early deliberations about the place of this volume in the history of the slave trade itself.

The New Economic Systems of Eastern Europe.

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (343) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. McAuley ◽  
H.-H. Hohmann ◽  
M. Kaser ◽  
K. Thalheim
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Systems
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