scholarly journals Can the relation between fat and protein in milk be changed by selective breeding

1947 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
T. Lonka
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
The Individual

In Finland the protein content of the feeds is in general so low that it restricts the milk yield particularly in herds of high production capacity. This is especially significant for the reason that owing primarily to climatic factors the quality of the feeds cannot be notably improved in this respect. Therefore an effort should be made to change the composition of milk by means of breeding in such a way that it would correspond to the possibilities of feed cultivation in Finland better than at present. This would mean that it should be endeavoured to breed cows whose milk is very fat-rich but at the same time poor in protein, in which case more of the commercially valuable butterfat could be produced on the feed grown on the estate. Since a correspondingly greater amount of milk of poor protein percentage could be produced than that of protein rich milk, the breeding of such cows would not decrease the yield of protein, which is of such great food value, but as great an amount in kilograms of milk protein would be available as earlier for domestic purposes as well as dairies. We have aimed at this goal in our country in general by endeavouring to raise the fat percentage of the milk by means of breeding. It is known that protein percentage does not increase exactly as markedly as the fat percentage, wherefore the protein yield per kilogram of fat decreases as the percentage rises. The influence of breeding would however be incomparably greater if low protein percentage were selected simultaneously with high fat percentage. In the investigation we have dealt with the possibilities of such selection in Finnish cattle, in connection with which we have striven to make clear how much the protein percentage of the milk varies independently of the fat percentage. The material comprises 54 West-Finnish Native cows; the fat and protein percentages of their milk yield has been determined once a month during one lactation. The relation of fat and protein is not the same throughout the whole lactation, but it changes so that at the end of the lactation the protein percentage as compared with the fat percentage is relatively greater than at the beginning of the period (Table and Figure 1). The averages of the fat and protein percentages and likewise the correlation between them depend consequently upon the length of the calving interval. Therefore the said averages have been estimated only on the basis of 2—7 production months. Fy means of these averages r = +0.60 ± 0.09 was derived as the coefficient of correlation between the fat and protein percentages y = 1.53 + 0.39 x as the regression equation, x = fat percentage and y = protein percentage. The individual cows diverge very much from the general rule set by the regression equation, which can be concluded already from the comparatively low value of the coefficient of correlation. The protein percentage of the milk yield of the West- Finnish Native cows diverges at least about one per cent independently of the fat percentage when judging on the basis of the extreme divergencies in the material. Although a part of the divergency evidently is caused by external factors, the role of the genetic factors is nevertheless so great that there appear to be great possibilities for breeding cows producing fat-rich milk by means of breeding but having a protein which would be considerably lower than the present average.

scholarly journals Can the relation between fat and protein in milk be changed by selective breeding

1947 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
T. Lonka
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
The Individual

In Finland the protein content of the feeds is in general so low that it restricts the milk yield particularly in herds of high production capacity. This is especially significant for the reason that owing primarily to climatic factors the quality of the feeds cannot be notably improved in this respect. Therefore an effort should be made to change the composition of milk by means of breeding in such a way that it would correspond to the possibilities of feed cultivation in Finland better than at present. This would mean that it should be endeavoured to breed cows whose milk is very fat-rich but at the same time poor in protein, in which case more of the commercially valuable butterfat could be produced on the feed grown on the estate. Since a correspondingly greater amount of milk of poor protein percentage could be produced than that of protein rich milk, the breeding of such cows would not decrease the yield of protein, which is of such great food value, but as great an amount in kilograms of milk protein would be available as earlier for domestic purposes as well as dairies. We have aimed at this goal in our country in general by endeavouring to raise the fat percentage of the milk by means of breeding. It is known that protein percentage does not increase exactly as markedly as the fat percentage, wherefore the protein yield per kilogram of fat decreases as the percentage rises. The influence of breeding would however be incomparably greater if low protein percentage were selected simultaneously with high fat percentage. In the investigation we have dealt with the possibilities of such selection in Finnish cattle, in connection with which we have striven to make clear how much the protein percentage of the milk varies independently of the fat percentage. The material comprises 54 West-Finnish Native cows; the fat and protein percentages of their milk yield has been determined once a month during one lactation. The relation of fat and protein is not the same throughout the whole lactation, but it changes so that at the end of the lactation the protein percentage as compared with the fat percentage is relatively greater than at the beginning of the period (Table and Figure 1). The averages of the fat and protein percentages and likewise the correlation between them depend consequently upon the length of the calving interval. Therefore the said averages have been estimated only on the basis of 2—7 production months. Fy means of these averages r = +0.60 ± 0.09 was derived as the coefficient of correlation between the fat and protein percentages y = 1.53 + 0.39 x as the regression equation, x = fat percentage and y = protein percentage. The individual cows diverge very much from the general rule set by the regression equation, which can be concluded already from the comparatively low value of the coefficient of correlation. The protein percentage of the milk yield of the West- Finnish Native cows diverges at least about one per cent independently of the fat percentage when judging on the basis of the extreme divergencies in the material. Although a part of the divergency evidently is caused by external factors, the role of the genetic factors is nevertheless so great that there appear to be great possibilities for breeding cows producing fat-rich milk by means of breeding but having a protein which would be considerably lower than the present average.

Using quantile regression for fitting lactation curve in dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Hossein Naeemipour Younesi ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Shariati ◽  
Saeed Zerehdaran ◽  
Mehdi Jabbari Nooghabi ◽  
Peter Løvendahl
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Breeding Center

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to compare the performance of different ‘nonlinear quantile regression’ models evaluated at theτth quantile (0·25, 0·50, and 0·75) of milk production traits and somatic cell score (SCS) in Iranian Holstein dairy cows. Data were collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from 1991 to 2011, comprising 101 051 monthly milk production traits and SCS records of 13 977 cows in 183 herds. Incomplete gamma (Wood), exponential (Wilmink), Dijkstra and polynomial (Ali & Schaeffer) functions were implemented in the quantile regression. Residual mean square, Akaike information criterion and log-likelihood from different models and quantiles indicated that in the same quantile, the best models were Wilmink for milk yield, Dijkstra for fat percentage and Ali & Schaeffer for protein percentage. Over all models the best model fit occurred at quantile 0·50 for milk yield, fat and protein percentage, whereas, for SCS the 0·25th quantile was best. The best model to describe SCS was Dijkstra at quantiles 0·25 and 0·50, and Ali & Schaeffer at quantile 0·75. Wood function had the worst performance amongst all traits. Quantile regression is specifically appropriate for SCS which has a mixed multimodal distribution.

scholarly journals Associations between polymorphisms of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B genes and Milk production traits in Chinese Holstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruike Jia ◽  
Yihan Fu ◽  
Lingna Xu ◽  
Houcheng Li ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Percentage Protein

Abstract Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.

EFFECTS OF TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON MILK PRODUCTION

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
JOHN HODGES ◽  
P. G. HILEY ◽  
J. FROESE
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Change Period ◽  
Percentage Protein

The effects on production of moving a herd of 27 Ayrshire milking cows from one environment to a totally different one, with changed methods of feeding, milking and housing, were studied. Following a pre-change period of 105 days, during which each cow was recorded on alternate days for yield of milk and fat, lactose and protein percentages, the immediate effects of the change, the recovery if any, and permanent changes in production were analyzed over a 19-day period. All traits were affected in mean levels, except protein percentage. Milk yield fell by 2.6 kg (13.0%), fat percentage increased by 0.43 units (10.0%), and lactose percentage fell by 0.23 units (4.8%). Protein percentage was unaltered throughout. Milk yield and lactose percentage did not change after the immediate drop. Fat percentage returned linearly from the initial increase, to expectation at 11 days after the change, and continued to decline for another 8 days. The variances of all the traits were temporarily inflated by factors of 2,5,3 and 3 for milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage and lactose percentage, respectively. The gradual decline to normal, pre-change variance levels took 7–8 days for compositional traits and 10 days for milk yield. Estimates of these means, variances and coefficients of variation are given.

DGAT1 polymorphism in Riverine buffalo, Swamp buffalo and crossbred buffalo

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Shenhe Liu ◽  
Zipeng Li ◽  
Shujun Zhang ◽  
Guohua Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Dgat1 Gene ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

This Research Communication describes the polymorphisms in the coding region of DGAT1 gene in Riverine buffalo, Swamp buffalo and crossbred buffalo, and associations between polymorphisms and milk production performance in Riverine buffalo. Two polymorphisms of DGAT1were identified, located in exon 13 and exon 17, respectively. The distribution of the genotypes of the two SNP loci in different buffalo population varied, especially the polymorphism located in exon 13 which was not found in the Swamp buffalo. Moreover, SNP located in exon 17 was a nonsynonymous switch resulting in the animo acid sequence changed from an arginine (Arg) to a histidine (His) at position 484. Both SNPs were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and the polymorphism of g.8330T>C in the exon 13 was significantly associated with peak milk yield, total milk yield and protein percentage. The C variant was associated with an increase in milk yield and peak yield but less in protein percentage compared with the T variant. The polymorphisms of g.9046T>C in exon 17 were significantly associated with fat percentage, in that the buffaloes with TT genotype had a significantly higher fat percentage than those with CC genotype. These findings reveal the difference in the genetic evolution of the DGAT1 between Riverine buffalo and Swamp buffalo, and provide evidence that the DGAT1 gene has potential effects for Riverine buffalo milk production traits, which can be used as a candidate gene for marker-assisted selection in buffalo breeding.

Milking at three eight-hour intervals as a means of investigating variations in the fat and solids-not-fat

1930 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

It has been shown that in this trial the increase in milk yield of the nine cows considered as a herd is within the limits normally expected in the case of thrice-daily milking.The increase in the case of the heifers is below expectation, and the probable reasons for this are indicated.The effect of three 8-hour intervals on butter-fat percentage has been studied, and it is shown that as far as the individual cows are concerned there is little difference between the number of low fats produced under thrice milking at equal intervals and twice milking at unequal intervals in the case of the herds specified. It is shown that the reason for the bulk milk of the thrice-milked cattle maintaining a high standard of fat percentage at each milking is that each individual cow maintains a fairly high level consistently at one specific milking, and that this is not the same milking for each cow.

scholarly journals Factors affecting lactation length and effect of current lactation length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Iranian Holsteins

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. Calving records of Holstein cows from January 1983 to December 2006 comprising 1,190 herds with 385,102 calving events were used to evaluate factors affecting the length of lactation and effect of current lactation length on the next productive and reproductive performances of Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of productive and reproductive traits in this study were performed as linear mixed models. Lactation length (LL) of cows was grouped into 10 classes from <100 days through 500 days. Average LL was 314 days in Iranian Holsteins. Primiparous cows had the greatest LL and the mean of LL increased over the years from 1983 to 2006 and spring calvers had the longest LL (P<0.05). Cows within the LL class of 500 had the greatest unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield and also had the longest calving intervals (P<0.05). Cows within the LL classes of 150–199 and 200–249 had the greatest values of adjusted protein percentage. Also, age at calving was the lowest for the LL class of 250–299 (P<0.05). There were linear and increasing trends for unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield over the LL classes in this study, but a linear but decreasing trend was observed for adjusted protein percentage over LL classes. On the other hand, there were non-linear relationships between adjusted fat percentage, calving interval and age at calving with LL classes in the current study.

416. The effect of bacterial infection on the milk yield of the individual quarters of the cow's udder

1950 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan V. Crossman ◽  
F. H. Dodd ◽  
J. M. Lee ◽  
F. K. Neave
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Penicillin Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Cases

A study has been made of the effect of udder infections on the proportionate yield and composition of the milk of individual quarters of over 100 cows, and the data from eleven of these cows have been presented.Typical examples have been given showing that subclinical Streptococcus and haemolytic Staphylococcus infections may persist for months and either cause a gradual reduction in the proportionate yield, and solids-not-fat percentage of a quarter or have no measurable effect, and that both types of reaction may occur simultaneously in the same udder.Examples also show that following penicillin treatment of clinical cases caused by streptococci and staphylococci there is little recovery in the proportionate yield of the treated quarter until the following lactation, when recovery may be complete.

scholarly journals Genetic Aspects of Somatic Cell Count in Holstein Dairy Cows in Iran

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Hadi Atashi ◽  
Miel Hostens
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of somatic cell count (SCC) and its relationship with production traits in the first three parities in Iranian Holstein dairy cows. Data were 1,891,559 test-day records of SCC, milk yield, and milk compositions on 276,217 lactations on 147,278 cows distributed in 134 herds. The number of test-day records in the first, second and third parities were 995,788 (on 147,278 cows), 593,848 (on 85,153 cows), and 301,923 (on 43,786 cows), respectively. Test-day SCCs were transformed to somatic cell scores (SCS). A random regression test-day animal model through four-trait three-lactation was used to estimate variance components for test-day records of SCS and lactation traits were included. Gibbs sampling was used to obtain marginal posterior distributions for the various parameters using a single chain of 200,000 iterates in which the first 50,000 iterates of each chain were regarded as a burn-in period. The mean heritability estimates for SCS (0.15 to 0.18) were lower than those for milk yield (0.36 to 0.38), fat yield (0.30 to 0.31), protein yield (0.31 to 0.32), fat percentage (0.21 to 0.25), and protein percentage (0.21 to 0.22). Low negative genetic correlations ranging from −0.05 to −0.30 were found between SCS and yield traits (milk, fat, and protein yields). The genetic correlation found between SCS and fat percentage was close to zero, however, a low positive genetic correlation ranging from 0.12 to 0.17 was found between SCS and protein percentage. Based on the results, it can be concluded that genetic selection for decreasing SCS would also increase lactation yield. The estimates found in this study can be used to perform breeding value estimations for national genetic evaluations in Iranian Holsteins using a multiple-trait, multiple-lactation random regression model.

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