scholarly journals The effects of different plant extracts on bile salt hydrolase activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of poultry

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Amin Dibamehr ◽  
◽  
Mohsen Daneshyar ◽  
Amir Tukmechi ◽  
Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Promising Alternative

The bile salt hydrolysis (BSH) enzyme weakens fat metabolism through bile salt deconjugation and reduces poultry performance, in order to cope with the antibacterial properties of the bile. Therefore, reducing the activity of this enzyme through the use of feed additives is probably a promising alternative to antibiotics for improving poultry performance. Plant extracts have long been used as feed additives for promoting poultry growth. In the current experiment, five Lactobacillus strains including Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus lactis, and Lactobacillus returi were obtained from the poultry hindgut and were used as the probiotic application. A plate test and two-step enzymatic reaction method were used for deconjugation activity determination of the Lactobacillus strains. Further, four plant extracts (i.e., the aerial parts of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa), Berberis vulgaris root, and Green tea) were examined in terms of BSH enzyme inhibitors using the cell-free extracts as the potential antibiotic alternative. Furthermore, the gallbladders of the broilers were freshly collected from the poultry slaughterhouses, and their contents were extracted. The results showed that all Lactobacillus strains could hydrolyze the taurocholate acid (TCA) and chicken bile salt mixture (CBSM) to unconjugated bile acid. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of B. vulgaris root and Green tea relatively reduced the activity of the BSH enzyme that could potentially be investigated as an appropriate alternative in poultry feed in vivo. In conclusion, all five Lactobacillus strains were resistant to bile salts (i.e. TCA and CBSM) by BSH activity, and the addition of Green tea and B. vulgaris root extracts to the bacterial medium demonstrated inhibitory effects against the BSH enzyme.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of Four Bile Salt Hydrolase and Penicillin Acylase Family Members in Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (15) ◽  
pp. 4719-4726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda M. Lambert ◽  
Roger S. Bongers ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
Michiel Kleerebezem
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Penicillin Acylase ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Bsh Activity

ABSTRACT Bile salts play an important role in the digestion of lipids in vertebrates and are synthesized and conjugated to either glycine or taurine in the liver. Following secretion of bile salts into the small intestine, intestinal microbes are capable of deconjugating the glycine or taurine from the bile salts, using an enzyme called bile salt hydrolase (Bsh). Intestinal lactobacilli are regarded as major contributors to bile salt hydrolysis in vivo. Since the bile salt-hydrolyzing strain Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 was predicted to carry four bsh genes (bsh1, bsh2, bsh3, and bsh4), the functionality of these bsh genes was explored using Lactococcus lactis heterologous overexpression and multiple bsh deletion strains. Thus, Bsh1 was shown to be responsible for the majority of Bsh activity in L. plantarum WCFS1. In addition, bsh1 of L. plantarum WCFS1 was shown to be involved in conferring tolerance to specific bile salts (i.e., glycocholic acid). Northern blot analysis established that bsh1, bsh2, bsh3, and bsh4 are all expressed in L. plantarum WCFS1 during the exponential growth phase. Following biodiversity analysis, bsh1 appeared to be the only bsh homologue that was variable among L. plantarum strains; furthermore, the presence of bsh1 correlated with the presence of Bsh activity, suggesting that Bsh1 is commonly responsible for Bsh activity in L. plantarum strains. The fact that bsh2, bsh3, and bsh4 genes appeared to be conserved among L. plantarum strains suggests an important role of these genes in the physiology and lifestyle of the species L. plantarum. Analysis of these additional bsh-like genes in L. plantarum WCFS1 suggests that they might encode penicillin acylase rather than Bsh activity, indicating their implication in the conversion of substrates other than bile acids in the natural habitat.

Cholesterol-lowering potentials of Lactobacillus strain overexpression of bile salt hydrolase on high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1684-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangqiang Wang ◽  
Wenli Huang ◽  
Yongjun Xia ◽  
Zhiqiang Xiong ◽  
Lianzhong Ai
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Lactobacillus Strain ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
High Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Lactobacillus strain overexpression of bile salt hydrolase can exert a cholesterol-reducing effect in vivo.

scholarly journals Development of a Covalent Inhibitor of Gut Bacterial Bile Salt Hydrolases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit A. Adhikari ◽  
Tom C. Seegar ◽  
Scott B. Ficarro ◽  
Megan D. McCurry ◽  
Deepti Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Bsh Activity

AbstractBile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes are widely expressed by human gut bacteria and catalyze the gateway reaction leading to secondary bile acid formation. Bile acids regulate key metabolic and immune processes by binding to host receptors. There is an unmet need for a potent tool to inhibit BSHs across all gut bacteria in order to study the effects of bile acids on host physiology. Here, we report the development of a covalent pan-inhibitor of gut bacterial BSH. From a rationally designed candidate library, we identified a lead compound bearing an alpha-fluoromethyl ketone warhead that modifies BSH at the catalytic cysteine residue. Strikingly, this inhibitor abolished BSH activity in conventional mouse feces. Mice gavaged with a single dose of this compound displayed decreased BSH activity and decreased deconjugated bile acid levels in feces. Our studies demonstrate the potential of a covalent BSH inhibitor to modulate bile acid composition in vivo.

scholarly journals Noninvasive imaging and quantification of bile salt hydrolase activity: From bacteria to humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. eaaz9857
Author(s):  
Pavlo V. Khodakivskyi ◽  
Christian L. Lauber ◽  
Aleksey Yevtodiyenko ◽  
Arkadiy A. Bazhin ◽  
Stephen Bruce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Noninvasive Imaging ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity ◽  
Bsh Activity ◽  
Entire Gastrointestinal Tract

The microbiome-produced enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH) plays a central role in human health, but its function remains unclear due to the lack of suitable methods for measuring its activity. Here, we have developed a novel optical tool based on ultrasensitive bioluminescent imaging and demonstrated that this assay can be used for quick and cost-effective quantification of BSH activity across a broad range of biological settings including pure enzymes and bacteria, intact fecal slurries, and noninvasive imaging in live animals, as well as for the assessment of BSH activity in the entire gastrointestinal tract of mice and humans. Using this assay, we showed that certain types of prebiotics are capable of increasing BSH activity of the gut microbiota in vivo and successfully demonstrated potential application of this assay as a noninvasive diagnostic test to predict the clinical status of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.

scholarly journals A gut-restricted lithocholic acid analog as an inhibitor of gut bacterial bile salt hydrolases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit A. Adhikari ◽  
Deepti Ramachandran ◽  
Snehal N. Chaudhari ◽  
Chelsea E. Powell ◽  
Megan D. McCurry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids ◽  
Bsh Activity

AbstractBile acids play crucial roles in host physiology by acting as both detergents that aid in digestion and as signaling molecules that bind to host receptors. Gut bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes perform the gateway reaction leading to the conversion of host-produced primary bile acids into bacterially modified secondary bile acids. Small molecule probes that target BSHs will help elucidate the causal roles of these metabolites in host physiology. We previously reported the development of a covalent BSH inhibitor with low gut permeability. Here, we build on our previous findings and describe the development of a second-generation gut-restricted BSH inhibitor with enhanced potency, reduced off-target effects, and durable in vivo efficacy. SAR studies focused on the bile acid core identified a compound, AAA-10, containing a C3-sulfonated lithocholic acid scaffold and an alpha-fluoromethyl ketone warhead as a potent pan-BSH inhibitor. This compound inhibits BSH activity in conventional mouse fecal slurries, bacterial cultures, and purified BSH proteins and displays reduced toxicity against mammalian cells compared to first generation compounds. Oral administration of AAA-10 to wild-type mice for 5 days resulted in a decrease in the abundance of the secondary bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) in the mouse GI tract with low systemic exposure of AAA-10, demonstrating that AAA-10 is an effective tool for inhibiting BSH activity and modulating bile acid pool composition in vivo.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus bile salt hydrolase substrate specificity governs bacterial fitness and host colonization

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. e2017709118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Foley ◽  
Sarah O’Flaherty ◽  
Garrison Allen ◽  
Alissa J. Rivera ◽  
Allison K. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Bile Resistance ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli

Primary bile acids (BAs) are a collection of host-synthesized metabolites that shape physiology and metabolism. BAs transit the gastrointestinal tract and are subjected to a variety of chemical transformations encoded by indigenous bacteria. The resulting microbiota-derived BA pool is a mediator of host–microbiota interactions. Bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) cleave the conjugated glycine or taurine from BAs, an essential upstream step for the production of deconjugated and secondary BAs. Probiotic lactobacilli harbor a considerable number and diversity of BSHs; however, their contribution to Lactobacillus fitness and colonization remains poorly understood. Here, we define and compare the functions of multiple BSHs encoded by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri. Our genetic and biochemical characterization of lactobacilli BSHs lend to a model of Lactobacillus adaptation to the gut. These findings deviate from previous notions that BSHs generally promote colonization and detoxify bile. Rather, we show that BSH enzymatic preferences and the intrinsic chemical features of various BAs determine the toxicity of these molecules during Lactobacillus growth. BSHs were able to alter the Lactobacillus transcriptome in a BA-dependent manner. Finally, BSHs were able to dictate differences in bacterial competition in vitro and in vivo, defining their impact on BSH-encoding bacteria within the greater gastrointestinal tract ecosystem. This work emphasizes the importance of considering the enzymatic preferences of BSHs alongside the conjugated/deconjugated BA–bacterial interaction. These results deepen our understanding of the BA–microbiome axis and provide a framework to engineer lactobacilli with improved bile resistance and use probiotics as BA-altering therapeutics.

scholarly journals Investigation of Microencapsulated BSH ActiveLactobacillusin the Simulated Human GI Tract

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Martoni ◽  
Jasmine Bhathena ◽  
Mitchell Lawrence Jones ◽  
Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska ◽  
Hongmei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Bile Salt Deconjugation ◽  
Computer Controlled

This study investigated the use of microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase (BSH) overproducingLactobacillus plantarum80 cells for oral delivery applications using a dynamic computer-controlled model simulating the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Bile salt deconjugation rates for microencapsulated BSH overproducing cells were 4.87±0.28 μmol/g microcapsule/h towards glycoconjugates and 0.79±0.15 μmol/g microcapsule/h towards tauroconjugates in the simulated intestine, a significant (P<.05) increase over microencapsulated wild-type cells. Microcapsules protected the encased cells in the simulated stomach prior to intestinal release, maintaining cell viability above109 cfu/mL at pH 2.5 and 3.0 and above106 cfu/mL at pH 2.0 after 2-hour residence times. In the simulated intestine, encased cell viability was maintained above1010 cfu/mL after 3, 6, and 12-hour residence times in bile concentrations up to 1.0%. Results show that microencapsulation has potential in the oral delivery of live BSH active bacterial cells. However,in vivotesting is required.

Garlic Extract (Allium sativum L.) Effectively Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Invitro Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Agnina Listya Anggraini ◽  
Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti ◽  
Anny Thuraidah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Initial Stage

Infection is a disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microbes, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has chemical contents such as allicin, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, which can function as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study aims to determine the antibacterial properties of garlic extract powder against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This research is the initial stage of the development of herbal medicines to treat Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infections. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the liquid dilution method. The concentrations used were 30 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL and 70 mg/mL. The results showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 40 mg/mL and 50 mg / mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) results for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are 50 mg/mL and 70 mg/mL. Based on the Simple Linear Regression test, the R2 value of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 0.545 and 0.785, so it can be concluded that there is an effect of garlic extract powder on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by 54.5% and 78.5%. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract powder has potential as herbal medicine against bacterial infections but requires further research to determine its effect in vivo.

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