Particle “by” in Sentences with Conditional Relations

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Ruzhen Wang ◽  
◽  
E. A. Starodumova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Relations

scholarly journals Emergent categorization in the recognition of black and white paintings through conditional discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto dos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Diana Rasteli Santos ◽  
Waldir Monteiro Sampaio ◽  
Antonio Carlos Leme ◽  
Felipe Maciel dos Santos Souza
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Discrimination ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Abstract Picture ◽  
Conditional Relations

Abstract Background The emergent categorization involving paintings by renowned painters and their corresponding names was demonstrated by previous studies. However, the results of these studies suggest that the colors of the pictures may have played a preponderant role, obscuring other aspects of the stimuli that could be more directly related to the style of each painter. To verify this possibility, the present study used the same methodology of Ferreira et al. to investigate the establishment of emergent conditional relations between categories composed of black and white paintings and the names of their authors. Method The procedure consisted of the training of relations between each of the ten paintings and an abstract picture, for each of the three painters Botticelli, Monet, and Picasso. Relations between each of the three abstract figures and the printed name of one of the painters were verified in sequence. Finally, tests of relations between five trained and five untrained paintings of each artist and the printed names were conducted. Results The participants’ performance suggests that the outcome was properly controlled by aspects pertinent to the paintings that belonged to each painter’s category. Conclusions The results reinforced the data obtained previously with colored pictures, suggesting that the process of emergent categorization involving artificial categories of paintings is robust. It also indicates possibilities for future investigations, for example, using stimuli of other artistic productions, such as sculpture and music.

scholarly journals CONDITIONAL RELATIONS BY MONKEYS: REFLEXIVITY, SYMMETRY, AND TRANSITIVITY

1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. McIntire ◽  
James Cleary ◽  
Travis Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Relations

Exclusion vs. Selection Training of Auditory-Visual Conditional Relations

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Ferrari ◽  
Julio C. de Rose ◽  
William J. McIlvane
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Relations

scholarly journals Teaching Chemistry Based on the Stimulus Equivalence Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo de Abreu César ◽  
Melania Moroz
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
School Students ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Equivalence Model ◽  
Almost All

Abstract This study aimed to verify the effects of a procedure, based on the stimulus equivalence model, to teach naming 10 chemical elements, from their symbolic representations and their respective numbers and atomic models. Eight high school students participated. Four classes of stimuli were used: (A) name; (B) symbol; (C) atomic number; (E) atomic model of chemical elements. The following were performed: evaluation of the initial repertoire; teaching of conditional relations and testing of emergence of new conditional relations; evaluation of the final repertoire. From the teaching of three relations (AB, BC and BE), almost all participants presented at least 90% of correct answers (hits) in nine relations (BA, CB, AC, CA, EB, AE, EA, CE, EC); in the chemical elements naming (BD, CD and ED), seven participants obtained at least 80% of hits. The efficiency of teaching procedure for chemistry learning at the high school level has been verified.

scholarly journals CONDITIONAL RELATIONS WITH COMPOUND ABSTRACT STIMULI USING A GO/NO-GO PROCEDURE

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Debert ◽  
Maria Amelia Matos ◽  
William McIlvane
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Stimuli ◽  
Conditional Relations

ON MODUS PONENS GENERATING FUNCTIONS

2000 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA PRADERA ◽  
ENRIC TRILLAS ◽  
SUSANA CUBILLO
Keyword(s):  
Generating Function ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Modus Ponens ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Class Of Functions

This paper investigates the use of functions other than t-norms to model the Modus Ponens rule in a fuzzy inference process. For that purpose, new definitions for fuzzy inference related concepts are suggested, that take into account the possibility of using a larger class of functions. In particular, the concept of "Modus Ponens generating function" is revisited, allowing to find out when and where (in which subset of the defined universe) an operator is able to generate the Modus Ponens scheme. In addition, given such an operator, the conditional relations that may be used along with it to model an inference process are found. These results are applied to some common operators, finding their Modus Ponens generation capacity as well as their corresponding residuated fuzzy conditionals. Finally, the relation between an operator's ability to describe the Modus Ponens rule and its conjunctive/disjunctive behaviour is also studied, by means of a series of sufficient and/or necessary conditions relating both concepts.

Neural Correlates of Species-typical Illogical Cognitive Bias in Human Inference

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2120-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akitoshi Ogawa ◽  
Yumiko Yamazaki ◽  
Kenichi Ueno ◽  
Kang Cheng ◽  
Atsushi Iriki
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Logical Structures

The ability to think logically is a hallmark of human intelligence, yet our innate inferential abilities are marked by implicit biases that often lead to illogical inference. For example, given AB (“if A then B”), people frequently but fallaciously infer the inverse, BA. This mode of inference, called symmetry, is logically invalid because, although it may be true, it is not necessarily true. Given pairs of conditional relations, such as AB and BC, humans reflexively perform two additional modes of inference: transitivity, whereby one (validly) infers AC; and equivalence, whereby one (invalidly) infers CA. In sharp contrast, nonhuman animals can handle transitivity but can rarely be made to acquire symmetry or equivalence. In the present study, human subjects performed logical and illogical inferences about the relations between abstract, visually presented figures while their brain activation was monitored with fMRI. The prefrontal, medial frontal, and intraparietal cortices were activated during all modes of inference. Additional activation in the precuneus and posterior parietal cortex was observed during transitivity and equivalence, which may reflect the need to retrieve the intermediate stimulus (B) from memory. Surprisingly, the patterns of brain activation in illogical and logical inference were very similar. We conclude that the observed inference-related fronto-parietal network is adapted for processing categorical, but not logical, structures of association among stimuli. Humans might prefer categorization over the memorization of logical structures in order to minimize the cognitive working memory load when processing large volumes of information.

Pragmatic Schemas and the Selection Task: To Reason or Not to Reason

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Markovits ◽  
Fabien Savary
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Conditional Reasoning ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Conditional Inference ◽  
Conditional Logic ◽  
Inferential Reasoning ◽  
Production Rules ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Conditional Relations

Cheng and Holyoak (1985) have proposed that people possess classes of linguistically based schemas that have an internal structure that is determined by pragmatic considerations. They found that when permission schemas (“If you want to do P, then you must do Q”) are used in the selection task, the success rate is much superior to what is usually observed. According to Cheng and Holyoak, this is due to the fact that the permission schema is defined by a set of production rules that give the same answers to problems of conditional inference as those of formal logic. In order to test this hypothesis specifically, 160 university students were given one of two tests. The first contained two sets of inferential reasoning tasks, one using a permission schema, the second using a relation of multiple causality. The second test employed the same two conditional relations, but in an appropriate context. The results indicated that subjects did better on the reasoning task with the schema of multiple causality when presented in context, but, as predicted, their performance was much worse on the inferential reasoning task with the permission schema, which generated a higher proportion of logically incorrect responses. These results suggest that contrary to what has been affirmed, permission schemas might not have a logical structure that is equivalent to conditional logic. A second experiment examined selection task performance using the same two relations in context. Performance on the permission schema was superior to that found with the relation of multiple causality. This confirmed previous results indicating that permission schemas do improve selection task performance, but also suggests that this effect is not related to understanding of conditional reasoning.

scholarly journals Assessing Symmetry by Comparing the Acquisition of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Conditional Relations in a Capuchin Monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. D. Soares Filho ◽  
Álvaro J. M. Silva ◽  
Saulo M Velasco ◽  
Romariz S Barros ◽  
Gerson Yukio Tomanari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Class ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Symmetry Phase ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Equivalence Class Formation ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The present study presents a procedure to assess the property of symmetry by comparing the acquisition of conditional relations that are consistent and inconsistent with this property in a capuchin monkey (Sapajus spp.). One young male monkey underwent arbitrary matching-to-sample training. The experiment had four phases: Phase 1.1 (establishing A1B1 and A2B2 relations), Phase 1.2 (reinforcing B1A1 and B2A2 relations, consistent with the property of symmetry), Phase 2.1 (establishing A3B3 and A4B4 relations), and Phase 2.2 (reinforcing B3A4 and B4A3 relations, inconsistent with the property of symmetry). A comparison between Phase 1.2 (consistent) and Phase 2.2 (inconsistent) showed faster acquisition of consistent relations (B1A1 and B2A2) than inconsistent relations (B3A4 and B4A3). The results suggest that the established conditional discriminations may have the property of symmetry and confirm the potential of comparative analysis between the acquisition of conditional discriminations as a promising procedure to evaluate equivalence class formation in nonhuman subjects.

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