scholarly journals Effect of Nickel Applications for the Control of Mouse Ear Disorder on River Birch

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Mouse Ear

Abstract Mouse ear (leaf curl, little leaf, squirrel ear) disorder has been a problem in container-grown river birch (Betula nigra L.) for several decades. The disorder is easy to detect in nurseries as the plants appear stunted due to shortened internodes which give the appearance of a witches-broom. The leaves are small, wrinkled, are often darker green in color, are commonly cupped and have necrotic margins. Plants grown in soil rarely express the disorder. A trial was initiated in June 2003 to determine if a deficiency of nickel was the cause of mouse-ear on river birch. Symptomatic river birch trees (Betula nigra ‘BNMTF’ Dura-Heat™) in their second growing season in #15 containers were selected for uniformity of size and mouse ear. Treatments included a 1) control, 2) 789 ppm Ni sprays, 3) 394 ppm Ni sprays, 4) 0.005 lbs Ni/yd3 as a drench, 5) 26 g/pot triple superphosphate (0–46–0), and 6) 130 g/pot Milorganite. Nickel was applied as nickel sulfate, whereas triple superphosphate and Milorganite contain trace amounts of nickel. At 16 days after treatment, up to 5 cm of new growth was evident on plants sprayed with nickel. Thirty days after treatment shoot length increased up to 60%, leaf area increased 80 to 83%, and leaf dry mass increased 76 to 81% for plants sprayed or drenched with nickel sulfate. Plants treated with triple superphosphate or Milorganite did not resume normal growth. All plants treated with nickel sulfate in 2003 did not show symptoms of mouse ear after initiation of growth in 2004. Based on this research mouse ear disorder of river birch is caused by a deficiency of nickel which can be corrected by foliar or drench applications of nickel sulfate.

scholarly journals (54) Response of Betulanigra `BNMTF' to Foliar and Drench Applications of Nickel

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 996B-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Mouse Ear

Mouse ear disorder on container-grown river birch (Betulanigra L.) is a national problem caused by a deficiency of nickel. Symptomatic plants have leaves which are small, wrinkled, darker green, cupped, and have necrotic margins. Research showed that mouse ear could be cured by applications of nickel sulfate (Ruter, 2004). Further research was needed to determine optimal rates of application for sprays and drenches and to determine if phytotoxicity occurs at high rates. A study was initiated at a nursery in South Georgia on 25 June 2003, using river birch in their second growing season in #15 containers. Plants were selected for uniformity of mouse ear disorder. Treatments included a control, urea (0.24 g·L-1) + surfactant (1.0 mL·L-1), 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L-1 nickel sulfate sprays, and substrate drenches applied at 150 and 300 mg of Ni/pot. After 30 days, all plants treated with nickel sulfate had 100% normal growth, except the 150 mg of Ni/pot drench, which had 79% of the canopy showing normal growth. No phytotoxicity was noted. Plants receiving foliar sprays had a 66% to 72% increase in leaf area, a 64% to 68% increase in leaf dry mass, a 31% to 44% increase in stem length, and a 9% to 17% increase in specific leaf area compared to nontreated plants. Drench treatments increased leaf area up to 62%, leaf dry mass to 55% and stem length up to 29% over control plants. Nickel in the foliage of nontreated plants was 2.3 mg·kg-1. For the spray treatments, foliar Ni ranged from 5.5 mg·kg-1 for the 250 mg·L-1 treatment to 9.3 mg·kg-1 for the 1000 mg·L-1 treatment. Though plants at the high rate of drench treatment resumed normal growth, foliar Ni levels were not different from control plants. In general, if plants were treated with Ni, then foliar B, Fe, and Zn decreased.

scholarly journals Mouse Ear Disorder on River Birch Caused by Nickel Deficiency

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 892A-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter*
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nickel Deficiency

Mouse ear (leaf curl, little leaf, squirrel ear) has been a problem for growers of container-grown river birch (Betula nigra L.) since the early 1990's. Mouse ear has been noticed in several southeastern States as well as Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, and Wisconsin, making it a national problem. The disorder is easy to detect in nurseries as the plants appear stunted. The leaves are small, wrinkled, often darker green in color, commonly cupped, and have necrotic margins. New growth has shortened internodes which gives plants a witches-broom appearance. Plants growing in native soil rarely express the disorder. Several common micronutrients have been evaluated with no results. A trial was initiated in June, 2003 to determine if nickel deficiency was the cause of mouse-ear. Symptomatic river birch trees growing in a pine bark substrate in containers were treated with foliar applications of nickel sulfate and a substrate drench. Topdress applications of superphosphate (0-46-0) and Miloroganite, products known to contain nickel, were also applied. At 16 days after treatment (DAT), up to 5 cm of new growth occurred on plants sprayed with nickel sulfate and foliar concentrations of nickel in the new growth increased five fold compared to control plants. At 30 DAT, shoot length increased 60%, leaf area increased 83%, and leaf dry mass increased 81% for trees receiving a foliar application compared to non-treated control plants. Treating trees with a substrate drench alleviated symptoms, whereas treatment with superphosphate and Milorganite did not. Trees receiving a foliar or drench application had normal growth for the remainder of the growing season. Additional studies are underway to refine methods of application, rates, and sources of nickel suitable for use.

Carry-over effects on growth and transpiration in Fagus sylvatica seedlings after drought at various stages of development

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Löf ◽  
N T Welander
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Mass Increase

In the two experiments carried out, newly emerged F. sylvatica seedlings were grown in pots with sand for 2 years in a controlled environmental chamber. Seedling dry mass, leaf area, and number of leaves decreased because of drought in the previous and in the current year. The decrease in area per leaf was due only to the current-year drought. Drought in both the previous and the current year reduced the number of shoots in the current year. Shoot length was mainly affected by previous-year drought. Current-year seedling transpiration decreased because of drought both in the previous and in the current year. The transpiration rate per unit leaf area was not affected by previous-year drought, whereas an after-effect was found within the growing season. The recovery of transpiration following a drought was up to 20 days. Water-use efficiency was influenced by drought during shoot development. The correlation between integrated transpiration and dry mass increase was high. This study shows that both previous as well as current environmental conditions must be taken into consideration when explaining seedling growth.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of two tropical weeds to shade: I. Growth and biomass allocation

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacyr Bernardino Dias-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Light ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultz (Convolvulaceae) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), two weeds found in pastures and crop areas in Brazilian Amazonia, were grown in controlled environment cabinets under high (800-1000 µmol m-² s-¹) and low (200-350 µmol m-² s-¹) light regimes during a 40-day period. For both species leaf dry mass and leaf area per total plant dry mass, and leaf area per leaf dry mass were higher for low-light plants, whereas root mass per total plant dry mass was higher for high-light plants. High-light S. cayennensis allocated significantly more biomass to reproductive tissue than low-light plants, suggesting a probably lower ability of this species to maintain itself under shaded conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR) in I. asarifolia was initially higher for high-light grown plants and after 20 days started decreasing, becoming similar to low-light plants at the last two harvests (at 30 and 40 days). In S. cayennensis, RGR was also higher for high-light plants; however, this trend was not significant at the first and last harvest dates (10 and 40 days). These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

scholarly journals FLAME RETARDANTS EFFECTS ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Schizolobium amazonicum HUBER EX DUCKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elen Silma Oliveira Cruz Ximenes ◽  
Andréa Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Josiane Fernandes Keffer ◽  
Alison Martins dos Anjos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Flame retardants are efficient in fighting wildfire; however, their environmental implications, especially regarding the vegetation, need to be clarified. This work aimed at assessing the effects of flame retardant on the initial growth of Schizolobium amazonicum. Treatments consisted in applying different flame retardant concentrations via substrate and leaf: Phos-Chek WD-881® (0, 3.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 mL L-1), Hold Fire® (0, 7.00, 9.00, 12.00 and 15.00 mL L-1) and water-retaining polymer Nutrigel® used as alternative retardant (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g L-1). Growth analyses were carried out to assess the effects of these substances (10 repetitions per treatment). The aliquot of 10.00 mL L-1 of Phos-Chek WD881 applied on the leaves led to an increase of 70% in leaf area and 15% in seedling height. The same Phos-Chek concentration favored height increase (32%) and total dry mass accumulation (33%) throughout time. The concentration of 15 mL L-1 of Hold Fire® applied on leaves, compromised 45% the accumulation of dry biomass in the seedling. Initially, 1.00 g L-1 of Nutrigel® applied via substrate led to an increase of 70% in leaf area, 29% in plant height, and 89% in leaf dry mass. Therefore, Phos-Chek applied on leaves favored shoot growth in S. amazonicum. Hold Fire® applied on leaves impaired biomass accumulation in seedlings. Nutrigel® applied on substrate does not cause long-lasting damage to the initial growth of S. amazonicum. The aliquot of 0.50 g L-1 administered via polymer leave had positive effect on seedling shoot.

scholarly journals Does the climate of the origin control anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as different foliar traits in Fagus crenata?

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bayramzadeh ◽  
P. Attarod ◽  
M.T. Ahmadi ◽  
S. Rezaee Amruabadi ◽  
T. Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Vessel Area ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Foliar Traits ◽  
Area Percentage

The relationships between climatic factors and anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as different foliar traits were investigated in Fagus crenata seedlings originating from different provenances. Fagus crenata samples were prepared from Chichibu Research Forest of Tokyo University. In the present study, vessel number per mm<sup>2</sup>, average vessel diameter, vessel area percentage, vessel element length, percentages of perforation plate types, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, stomatal density and stomatal pore length were measured. Vessel number per mm<sup>2</sup>, vessel area percentage, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf thickness and leaf dry mass per unit leaf area showed a significant negative correlation with yearly, winter, spring and autumn precipitation. The majority of the studied characteristics were not related to the mean annual and seasonal temperatures of the original provenances. The results suggest that anatomical characteristics of vessel elements and different foliar traits in Fagus crenata are mainly influenced by the precipitation of the origins.

scholarly journals Allometry Between Vegetative and Reproductive Traits in Orchids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Qiu Feng ◽  
Feng-Ping Zhang ◽  
Jia-Lin Huang ◽  
Hong Hu ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Inflorescence Length

In flowering plants, inflorescence characteristics influence both seed set and pollen contribution, while inflorescence and peduncle size can be correlated with biomass allocation to reproductive organs. Peduncles also play a role in water and nutrient supply of flowers, and mechanical support. However, it is currently unclear whether inflorescence size is correlated with peduncle size. Here, we tested whether orchids with large diameter peduncles bear more and larger flowers than those with smaller peduncles by analyzing 10 traits of inflorescence, flower, and leaf in 26 species. Peduncle diameters were positively correlated with inflorescence length and total floral area, indicating that species with larger peduncles tended to have larger inflorescences and larger flowers. We also found strongly positive correlation between inflorescence length and leaf area, and between total floral area and total leaf area, which suggested that reproductive organs may be allometrically coordinated with vegetative organs. However, neither flower number nor floral dry mass per unit area were correlated with leaf number or leaf dry mass per unit area, implying that the function between leaf and flower was uncoupled. Our findings provided a new insight for understanding the evolution of orchids, and for horticulturalists interested in improving floral and inflorescence traits in orchids.

scholarly journals Growth analysis of tomato for industrial processing as a function of nitrogen doses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1348-1354
Author(s):  
Leonardo Correia Costa ◽  
Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho ◽  
Rodolfo Gustavo Teixeira Ribas ◽  
Alexson Filgueiras Dutra ◽  
Antonio Márcio Souza Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Absolute Growth

Nitrogen (N) is considered to be the nutrient that most affects plant growth. Understanding this mechanism helps in crop management and planning. This study analyzes the growth of tomato plants (Heinz 9553) for industrial purposes as a function of N doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). The experiment was carried out from April to August 2015, in Barretos, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, in plots subdivided in time, with three replicates. Growth assays were performed at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 96, 112 and 126 days after transplanting (DAT). Fertilization with 180 kg ha-1 N provided greater leaf area, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass (leaves + stems), fruit dry mass, total dry mass, leaf area index, leaf area ratio and leaf mass ratio at the end of the cycle. The lowest relative growth rate and specific leaf area were verified with 180 kg ha-1. For all N doses, the absolute growth rate was small up to 56 DAT and, subsequently, N doses promoted distinct increases in the index.

The growth and water use of three species of conifer seedlings planted on a high-elevation south-facing clearcut

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1234-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Livingston ◽  
T. A. Black
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Container-grown 1-0 seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) were spring planted on a south-facing high-elevation clearcut located on Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and their growth and development was measured over three successive growing seasons. Treatments designed to modify seedling microclimate, including provision of shade cards, irrigation, and irrigation and shade cards combined, had a marked effect on the extent and type of growth in all species. Irrigated seedlings had the largest shoot dry masses and the highest shoot to root dry mass ratios. Shaded seedlings had larger shoots than untreated seedlings, which had the lowest shoot to root dry mass ratios. All seedlings showed a pronounced decline in seasonal growth 1 year after planting. Douglas-fir seedlings exhibited a high degree of drought tolerance; in the driest year there was only a 20% difference in total dry matter production between irrigated and nonirrigated seedlings. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir seedlings, despite not being drought tolerant, expended water to achieve growth and thereby exposed themselves to desiccation. Measurements of growing-season seedling dry matter production were better related to estimates of growing-season transpiration, obtained by summing the products of seedling leaf area, hourly D/(RvT′), where D is vapour pressure deficit, Rv is the gas constant for water vapour, and T′ is the absolute air temperature, and stomatal conductance derived from a boundary-line analysis model, than to estimates of growing-season average total seedling canopy conductance, i.e., the average of the products of seedling leaf area and stomatal conductance.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and antifungal bioactivity of Tulbaghia violacea L.

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
E van den Heever ◽  
J Allemann ◽  
JC Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass

Tulbaghia is known to have antifungal properties that can be used in the treatment of both human and plant pathogens and is used in traditional medicine in South Africa. Increasing demands for plant material makes it necessary to cultivate this species on a large scale. Unfortunately, cultivation can lead to a reduction in the biological activity of plants making them unsuitable for use. In light of the lack of knowledge regarding the agronomic requirements of this plant, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of several rates and two forms of nitrogenous fertilizer on the yield and biological activity of Tulbaghia violacea. Plants were cultivated in sand while the basic fertilization used was the same as that of garlic (20 kg P ha−1, 75 kg K ha−1), a plant from the same family, containing similar active ingredients. Nitrogen was applied once at the beginning of the trial at rates of 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1 in the form of either nitrate or ammonium. Vegetative growth was quantified in terms of number of leaves and leaf area as well as root and leaf dry mass, while harvested material was tested for antifungal activity. The results indicated that compared with the untreated control, increasing N-rates in both the nitrate and ammonium forms increased leaf number and leaf area as well as both root and leaf dry mass. However, at a rate above 60 kg ha−1, and especially at 180 kg ha−1, the nitrate form stimulated growth more markedly than the ammonium form, whereas antifungal activity decreased sharply and almost linearly as the application rate was increased. Although growth was not stimulated to the same extent by the ammonium form, it increased the in-vitro antifungal activity at different levels during different times of the growing season. From an ornamental perspective, nitrate is the preferred nitrogenous form but, from a bioactivity perspective, ammonium is recommended.

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