scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN D IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Arfandhy Sanda ◽  
Uleng Bahrun ◽  
Ruland DN. Pakasi ◽  
Andi Makbul Aman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽  
Type 2 Dm

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease which is still a public health problem till now. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) predict an increase in the number of diabetics which become one of the global threats. Some evidences showed that vitamin D deficiency might influenced in pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus that caused by insulin resistence and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cell. The objectives of this study is To analyze Vitamin D levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients that consist of prediabetic group, controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Group, and uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The method used is a cross sectional study. During the study period, a total of 93 samples were obtained which met the study criteria. The sample consist of 33 prediabetic subjects, 30 controlled Type 2 DM subejcts, and 30 uncontrolled Type 2 DM. The study sample consist of 49(52,7%) men and 44(47,3%) women with minimum age 20 years and maximum 79 years (mean 56,59+12,15 years). The minimum HbA1c level was 4,8% and the maximum level was 12,9% (mean 6,95+1,81%). The minimum Vitamin D level was 9,07 ng/ml dan  the maximum level was 66,49 ng/ml (mean 26,85+9,30 ng/ml). Kruskal Wallis test showed p value=0,132, Spearman correlation test showed p value>0,05. The clonclusion from this study, there is no significant correlation between vitamin D level and type 2 Diabetes Melllitus consist of Prediabetic group, controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of clinical efficiency of Decap replacement therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and concomitant nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in vitamin D deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 607-615
Author(s):  
М.B. Аludwan ◽  
N.M. Kobyliak ◽  
G.P. Pavlenko ◽  
Yu.I. Komisarenko
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Type 2 Dm

Background. Recently, vitamin D deficiency has been considered one of the factors in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose was to establish the effectiveness of Decap (cholecalcife­rol) in patients with its deficiency who suffered from type 2 DM and NAFLD. Materials and methods. Fifty-two people with NAFLD and type 2 DM on the background of established D-deficiency were treated, they were evenly divided into two groups. Patients in the comparison group (n = 26) received only traditional antidiabetic therapy, and the main group (n = 26) additio­nally took vitamin D — Decap, which was prescribed at a dose of 4,000 IU/day for 6 months. Results. Vitamin D use was associated with a statistically significant reduction in fasting blood glucose after 6 months of treatment — by 4.2 % (p = 0.041). The level of glycated hemoglobin in the main group of patients decreased on ave­rage by 0.38 % (p = 0.121) after 3 months, and remained almost at the same level after 6 months — by 0.44 % (p = 0.088). In parallel with the improvement of glycemic control parameters in the main group, there was a tendency to a decrease in the HOMA-2-IR by 0.28 (–0.11; 0.86; p = 0.152) and to a better insulin sensitivity by 1.39 (–10.04; 6.01; p = 0.621) compared to the baseline. The use of vitamin D (Decap) is associated with a decrease in steatosis indices FLI and TyG. The baseline values for FLI was 74.11 ± 18.71 and for TyG — 5.21 ± 0.29, and after a six-month course of vitamin D treatment, they decreased by 4.4 % (p = 0.029) and 2.68 % (p = 0.031), respectively, compared to baseline. Conclusions. It was found that the use of Decap in patients with vitamin D deficiency at a dose of 4,000 IU/day for a course of at least six months improved glycemic control and metabolic profile in those with type 2 DM and NAFLD.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin D supplementation on health status in non-vitamin D deficient people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Westra ◽  
Y H M Krul-Poel ◽  
H J van Wijland ◽  
M M ter Wee ◽  
F Stam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Sf 36

Objective Increased levels of depressive symptoms, fatigue or pain (all dimensions of reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL)) are common in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Earlier studies have reported associations between low vitamin D status and fatigue and depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on dimensions of HRQOL in people with type 2 DM. Design Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods The effect of monthly cholecalciferol 50,000 IU vs placebo on HRQOL was assessed in 275 adults with type 2 DM derived from general practices. HRQOL at baseline and after six months using the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) was collected. Linear regression analyses were used to compare the change in HRQOL over time between the vitamin D and placebo group. Results 187/275 (68%) completed baseline and follow-up SF-36 and were included in the analysis. Median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D almost doubled in the intervention group compared to that in the placebo group (58.5–106.0 nmol/L vs 60.0–61.5 nmol/L, respectively). A small significant difference (adjusted B: −8.90; 95% CI: −17.16 to −0.65) between both groups was seen concerning the SF-36 domain role limitations due to physical problems in disadvantage of the vitamin D group. Conclusions Six months of vitamin D supplementation did not improve HRQOL in non-vitamin D-deficient people with type 2 DM managed on oral antidiabetic therapy.

scholarly journals Kesintasan Penyakit Ginjal Kronik yang Menjalani Hemodialisis di Rumah Sakit Abdul Moeloek Lampung Tahun 2017-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nova Muhani ◽  
Nurhalina Sari
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Abstract Non-communicable diseases (NCD) have become health problems in various parts of the world. One of NCD which is a health problem is chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a global public health problem with an increasing prevalence and incidence of kidney failure, poor prognosis and high cost of care. CKD is a cause of death globally, the biggest cause of CKD is coomorbidity with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The highest mortality occurred in less than the first 12 months of hemodialysis, which was 78,1%. The purpose of this study was to determine the age, sex, duration of survival of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis based on comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retrospective cohort study designis used a, with a sample of 201 respondents. The study used data from the daily reports of the hemodialysis unit, namely patients who under went hemodialysis and then observed for 12 months. The outcome variable for mortality and its risks factors (diabetes, age, and gender). The analysis used survival analysis with cox regression. The results of the study were 37.8% of deaths occured, CKD patients with with diabetes mellitus comorbidity 24.9%. Respondents on hemodialysis are based on gender were male (45,3%) and female (54,7%) ages less than 45 years (27.4%).The Statistical test results obtained from non-diabetes mellitus group had a 3.1 times higher survival rate than the diabetes mellitus group (p value = 0.01). Abstrak Penyakit tidak menular (PTM) menjadi masalah kesehatan di berbagai belahan dunia. Salah satu PTM yang menjadi masalah kesehatan adalah penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK). PGK merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat global dengan prevalensi dan insidens gagal ginjal yang terus meningkat, prognosis yang buruk dan memerlukan biaya perawatan yang tinggi. PGK merupakan penyebab kematian secara global. Penyebab PGK terbesar adalah komorbiditas dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Kematian tertinggi terjadi pada kurang dari 12 bulan pertama menjalani hemodialisis yaitu sebesar 78,1%. Tujuan untuk mengetahui umur, jenis kelamin, lama ketahanan hidup pasien PGK yang menjalani hemodialisis berdasarkan komorbiditas diabetes melitus tipe 2. Desain penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan sampel sebesar 201 responden. Penelitian menggunakan data dari laporan harian unit hemodialisis yaitu pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis kemudian dilakukan observasi selama 12 bulan. Variabel outcome kematian dan faktor risikonya (diabetes, umur, dan jenis kelamin). Analisis yang digunakan analisis survival dengan cox regression. Hasil penelitian terjadi kematian sebesar 37,8%, pasien PGK dengan komorbiditas diabetes melitus 24,9%. Responden hemodialisis berdasarkan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (45,3%) dan perempuan (54,7%) umur kurang dari 45 tahun 27,4%. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh kelompok tidak diabetes melitus memiliki kesintasan 3,1 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok diabetes melitus (p Value = 0,01).  

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVEL WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELITUS PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Medityas Winda Krissinta ◽  
M.I. Diah Pramudianti ◽  
Dian Ariningrum
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex metabolic disorder like hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Vitamin D controls genes associated with regulation of insulin and renin production. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between total levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the incidence of MS in  type 2 DM patients.Methods: This case control study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Dr Moewardi Hospital Surakarta in 84 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All subjects were 34-75 years old. The research data were analyzed with a 2x2 test table to determine the odd ratio (OR) of each study variable, then multivariate analysis with logistic regression then continued.Results: The mean total level of 25(OH)D is 18.01 ± 6.10 ng/dl. Bivariate and multivariate OR analysis showed that poor glycemic control with the incidence of MS (OR: 11.154; 95% Cl: 3.933-31.631; p = 0.001); female sex (OR : 1.788; 95% Cl: 0.750-4.261; p = 0.188); age < 50 year (OR: 1.644; 95% Cl: 0.614-4.404; p = 0.321); and  total  25(OH)D deficiency (OR: 1.250; 95% Cl: 0.317-2.022; p = 0.637).Conclusion: total 25(OH)D level is not associated with the incidence of MS in the type 2 DM patients. Further study was needed using by healthy group control to explain the role of vitamin D in type 2 DMKeywords: type 2 DM, metabolic syndrome, 25(OH)D

A Comparative assessment of Metabolic Syndrome and its association with Vitamin D and other risk factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ◽  
Moyad Jamal Shahwan ◽  
Mohammed Husham Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diabetic Patients

Objectives: To determine the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome using World health organization (WHO); National Cholesterol Education program (NCEP) and International diabetes federation (IDF) guidelines and to study its association with vitamin D and other biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus, as well as to identify the set of biochemical parameters that jointly influence the metabolic syndrome using different diagnostic criteria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at private health care center. A total of 291 diabetic patients. Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained from the medical records of patients. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 23). Results: A total number of 291 patients with T2DM were included in this study. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the study subjects was 48.1%, 87.3%, 64.9% using WHO, IDF and NCEP-ATPIII criteria respectively. The highest prevalence was reported following IDF diagnostic criteria. Sex, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar were associated factors of metabolic syndrome by all the three diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: the study revealed high prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients, which was highest 87.3% according to IDF and lowest was observed in WHO criteria 48.1%. A significant variance in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was reported between WHO, IDF and NCEP criteria.

scholarly journals RELAKSASI AUTOGENIK MENURUNKAN KADAR GULA DARAH PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Aria Wahyuni ◽  
Imelda Rahmayunia Kartika ◽  
Amira Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Autogenic Relaxation

<em>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from a lack of insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of autogenic relaxation on the reduction of blood sugar levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. The research design used was Quasi Experimental with the Pretest-Posttest approach method. This research was conducted in one of the work areas of the health center in the city of Bukittinggi in June-July 2108. The population of this study was all patients with type 2 DM totaling 150 people while the samples taken were 15 people with a purposive sampling technique. The analysis used is univariate and bivariate analysis using the dependent t-test. The results of this study found that the average blood sugar level before the autogenic relaxation intervention was 214.4 gr/dl, the average blood sugar level after autogenic relaxation was 205 g</em><em>r</em><em>/dl with a p value = 0,000 meaning that there was an effect of autogenic relaxation on decreasing levels blood sugar in type 2 DM patients. The recommendation of this study is to continue this study with a large sample and with long and periodic interventions.</em><em></em><p><em><br /> Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Blood Sugar Level, Autogenic Relaxation</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

scholarly journals Microalbuminuria as an early marker of left ventricular hypertrophy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Balshine S. Kanwar ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Sunil K. Virmani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Lv Mass

Background: Microalbuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have both been shown independently to be associated with increased cardiovascular (CVS) mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine whether microalbuminuria is associated with LVH in non-hypertensive type 2 DM patients with early or no diabetic nephropathy.Methods: 100 patients of type 2 DM were studied. Patients with Hypertension (BP >140/90 mm hg or on anti-hypertensive medication), history of coronary artery disease or valvular heart disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, known thyroid disease or active urinary tract infection (UTI) were excluded from the study. All patients were subjected to spot urine test for microalbuminuria by urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), 12 lead ECG to detect LVH, 2D echocardiography to calculate LV mass index (LVMI), anthropometry, urine routine examination, kidney function test, fasting lipid profile and HbA1c.Results: Of the 100 enrolled patients, 39 were found to have normoalbuminuria, 39 had microalbuminuria & 22 patients had macroalbuminuria. The correlation between increased albuminuria and LVMI was found to be statistically significant (P value < 0.001) and the LV mass significantly increased as albuminuria increased along the continuum of normoalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. UACR showed a statistically significant correlation with age, eGFR, duration of diabetes (P value < 0.01) and HbA1c (P value < 0.05).Conclusions: Microalbuminuria is associated with LVH in non-hypertensive type 2 DM patients and thus may serve as an early marker of LVH and help identify patients at high CVS risk.

scholarly journals The Influence of Elastic Taping on Dynamic Muscular Control (Dynamic Control Ratio) Evertor-Invertor Ankle in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Male with Complications of Peripheral Neuropathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Yuli Indah Kurnia ◽  
Imam Subadi ◽  
I Putu Alit Pawana ◽  
Sony Wibisono
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
The Third ◽  
Type 2 Dm

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with Peripheral Neuropathy often have impared control of muscle strength that increases the risk of fall. Elastic taping (ET) is a special elastic band that can stretch up to 140% and could facilitate muscle contraction.Aim: To prove the influence of ET on the dynamic muscular control balance between evertor and invertor muscles of the ankle in type 2 DM male with peripheral neuropathy.Material and methods: This study used a pre-post one grup study, with10 type 2 DM male with peripheral neuropathy. All subjects were examined for ankle evertor-invertor dynamic control ratio (DCR) with isokinetic dynamometer at 600/sec and 1200/sec before elastic taping (ET), 30 minutes after ET, at the third day of ET aplication and 3 days after ET was released. Elastic taping was applied with functional tehniques on the both ankles.Result: There were no significant differences between with and without the application of KT in the ankle evertor-invertor DCR in both side. The p value were same in both sides, at 600/sec after 30 minute ET (p=0.72), at the third day of ET aplication (p=0,24), 3 days after released ET (p= 0,88) and at 1200/sec after 30 minute ET (p=0,17).Conclusion: Elastic taping did not improve the ankle evertor-invertor DCR in type 2 DM male patients with peripheral neuropathy.

scholarly journals Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kecemasan dan depresi pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Pipin Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Type 2 Dm

Physical, psychological, and social changes are the changes that occur due to the various complications that accompany the disease DM type 2. Psychological changes that occur, such as stress, and depression. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors related to anxiety and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This type of research was descriptive with cross sectional design. Sampling technique used total sampling with 60 people. The instrument used DASS 42 and BDI questioner. Data were analyzed by chi square. Chi square test results obtained factors related to anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are age (p value = 0,000), long suffering from type 2 DM (p value = 0,000), education (p value = 0,040), comorbidities (p value = 0,000) and family support (p value = 0,000). While factors which were not related to anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were impaired functional ability (p value = 0,517). Factors that related to depression in patients with type 2 DM were age (p value=0.007), education (p value = 0,001), comorbidities (p value = 0,000) and family support (p value = 0,040). While factors unrelated to anxiety of patients with type 2 DM are long period of type 2 DM (p value = 0,797) and functional ability disorder (p value = 0,435). Conclusion of the factors related to anxiety of patient with type 2 DM are age, long period of type 2 DM, education, comorbidities and family support, while factors that unrelated to anxiety of patients with type 2 DM are functional ability disorder, factors that related to depression of patients with type 2 DM are age, education, comorbidities, and family support, while factors that unrelated to depression of patients with type 2 DM are long period of type 2 DM and functional ability disorder.

Burden Of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Emphasis On Its Prevalence And Pattern Of Presentation: A Case Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezeani IU ◽  
Ogbonna SU
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
The Mean

Background: Studies from different parts of the world on thyroid dysfunction have shown it to be widespread in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, there is insufficient local data to support this observation. Aim: To determine the burden of thyroid dysfunction among patients with T2DM at a Tertiary Hospital in South east Nigeria with emphasis on its prevalence and pattern of presentation. Methods: Four hundred and seventy two subjects were recruited for the study. All the subjects (100%) were of African descent. Three hundred and fifty-four (354) of them were patients with T2DM, while 118 subjects who did not have T2DM served as the controls. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetes Clinic, or receiving treatment in the Medical Wards. Subjects were recruited using systematic sampling. The first patient was selected by simple random sampling, and subsequently, every consecutive subject was selected. Blood samples were tested for HbA1c, fT3, fT4 and thyrotropin, thyroid stimulating hormone. Socio-demographic information was retrieved from patient medical records. We used the student t-test for statistical comparison of quantitative variables such as weight, height, blood pressure, serum TSH, serum T3; while for comparison of proportions, we used the chi squared test. We set a p-value of less than 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results: Females formed the majority of the study population accounting for 56.5% of the type 2 DM patients and 62.7% of the controls. We observed that the mean age of the type 2 DM patients was 57.5 (±9.3) years, which was similar to the mean age of controls: 57.7±8.9 (p=0.17). We also observed that the mean age at diagnosis of DM was 54±7.6 years, while the mean duration of DM for all the type 2 DM patients was 6.5±2.8 years. We observed that in patients with T2DM, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 12.4%, and among the controls a prevalence of 1.7% was observed (P <0.05). Females formed the majority (75%) of T2DM patients with thyroid dysfunction and hypothyroidism was the most common type of thyroid dysfunction (93.2%) observed in this study. Conclusion: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in T2DM patients in this study was 12.4% which was high compared to 1.7% observed in the controls (P = 0.001). Majority of those who had thyroid dysfunction were females. About 9 in 10 of all subjects with thyroid dysfunction had hypothyroidism.

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