Cognitive Differentiation, Back Pain, and Psychogenic Pain Drawings

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiríkur Líndal ◽  
Alf Udén
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Psychogenic Pain ◽  
Pain Duration ◽  
Contrast Technique ◽  
Pain Drawings ◽  
Psychological Defenses ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Two groups of subjects with back pain were studied ( n = 67). All subjects underwent a battery of psychological tests which included a test of psychological differentiation (the Rod-and-Frame Test), a test of psychological defenses (Meta-contrast Technique), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. In addition, the subjects drew a pain picture and answered a questionnaire on pain-related issues. Each group of subjects was then subdivided into 4 groups depending on the judged abnormality of their pain drawings. The two main groups were compared overall and the subgroups of the two back-pain groups compared with each other. The Meta-contrast Technique results show that depression was quite common among back-pain subjects as a whole compared to a painless group of subjects. Differences were found on field-dependence; subjects with abnormal pain drawings were more field-dependent than those with “normal” pain drawings. Few other between-group statistical differences were noted between the two back-pain groups. Expected scores on hysteria were not noted among the abnormal drawing makers, neither were there differences between the groups on the items of pain duration, physical functionings, or of depression.

Field-Independent Architecture Students

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Peterson ◽  
Glenn Sweitzer
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

From current knowledge of what an architect “is” and the concepts of “psychological differentiation” several predictions were made about field independency of architecture students compared with other university students. The Rod-and-frame Test used to test field dependency-independency was given to a group of 20 university students and to three groups of 20 each of architectural students. As hypothesized, the latter were more field-independent and varied less than college Ss. Contrary to prediction field-independency does not decrease over the years in architecture. Some theoretical and experimental limitations of the RFT and knowledge about architects are pointed out.

Maternal Differentiation, Onset and Type of Father's Absence and Psychological Differentiation in Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1152
Author(s):  
Ira S. Gershansky ◽  
Louise Hainline ◽  
Harris S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
At Home

The relationship between mothers' and children's levels of psychological differentiation as measured by the rod-and-frame test and the effects of onset and nature of father's absence on this relationship were explored for 209 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. and their mothers. There were significantly higher correlations between the scores of children whose fathers were present at home and their mothers than for children whose fathers were absent from home and their mothers. Over-all no significant differences in the mother-child correlations were observed between families where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and families in which the father had died, although when age of the child at the onset of the father's absence was considered there were significant differences between the group where the father's absence resulted from divorce, separation, or desertion and the group where the father had died.

Effects of Onset and Type of Fathers' Absence on Children's Levels of Psychological Differentiation

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1263-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira S. Gershansky ◽  
Louise Hainline ◽  
Harris S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Perceptual Dimension ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The present study examined the relationship between onset and type of father's absence and children's levels of psychological differentiation defined along the perceptual dimension of field-dependence/independence. The portable Rod-and-frame Test was used to measure the level of psychological differentiation for 100 children between the ages of 8 and 16 yr. In agreement with previous findings, boys were significantly more field-independent than girls. A significant interaction was noted between the reason for the father's absence and the age of the child when the father left the home.

Autokinesis and Psychological Differentiation

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103E ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cancro ◽  
Harold M. Voth
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

105 paid, normal volunteers, of whom 77 were women, were administered the rod-and-frame test (RFT), the embedded-figures test (EFT), and the autokinetic test. Despite the similarity in personality correlates associated with these tests, there were no significant correlations—linear or curvilinear—between the measures of psychological differentiation and autokinesis. There were still no significant correlations when the men and women were treated as separate groups. Taking the extreme cases on the autokinetic test and comparing group means on the RFT and EFT still failed to yield a significant difference. The authors infer that these measures are independent, although the design of the study does not permit this inference to be stated as a conclusion.

Concurrent Validity of Hidden Figures Test (Cf-1)

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Weissenberg
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Median Correlation ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Figure Drawing ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The Hidden-figures Test (Cf-1) has been used to measure psychological differentiation among groups of Ss. This paper presents concurrent validity information derived from 12 studies which shows the existence of a median correlation of .51 between the Hidden-figures and either the Individual Embedded-figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test or Witkin's Figure-drawing Scale. It is concluded that given the need to test large numbers of subjects at one time, the Hidden-figures Test appears to be a reasonably efficient and effective instrument.

Factor Analytic Study of the Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
First Year ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Factor Analytic Study ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

154 first-year university students were administered marker tests for Guilford's Factors of Convergent Production of Figural Transformations, Cognition of Semantic Units, and Cognition of Figural Systems as well as Witkin's Embedded Figures Test and the Portable Rod and Frame Test. Scores in the test battery were factor analyzed to determine the equivalence of different measures of psychological differentiation. Results of the analysis indicated that the Embedded Figures scores correlated (—.52) with Convergent Production of Figural Transformations, whereas the Portable Rod and Frame scores did not load on any of the factors extracted.

Do Confusing Information and Egocentric Instructions Influence Perception?

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margery S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
College Men ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Better Than

In an investigation of psychological differentiation, Witkin's personality dimension, 12 field-dependent and 12 field-independent students were selected from a population of college men in summerschool based on their Embedded Figures Test scores. They were assigned to conditions, given egocentric or gravitational instructions, and provided clarified or obscuring feedback about their performance on the Rod and Frame Test. Although instructions had no effect, students with clarified feedback performed better than those whose feedback was confusing. Field-independent men had less difficulty with the confusing feedback than did field-dependent men.

Differential Figure-ground Perception in Classified and Unclassified Fencers

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Measure Field ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Identification of psychological and perceptual variables which cause one athlete to be more successful than another may enable coaches to initially better select those individuals who might ultimately have the greatest prospect for success within a given sport. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether a relationship exists between fencing ability and psychological differentiation, as measured by a test of field dependence-independence. Because differentiating the movement of one's body and analytically diagnosing the events during a bout are critical to fencing success, it was hypothesized that higher skilled, classified fencers (N = 26) would be more field independent (as measured by a rod and frame test) than less skilled, unclassified fencers (N = 20). The results were significant and in the hypothesized direction (p < .001). There were no significant differences for age, number of years fenced, and educational background. It was concluded that any assessment of fencing potential should include a rod and frame test to measure field dependence-independence.

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