Effect of Starting Position on Reproduction of Movement: Further Evidence of Interference between Location and Distance Information

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyasu Imanaka
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Two experiments done with a short-term memory paradigm examined the influence of shifts in the starting position on the reproduction of kinesthetic location (Exp. 1) and on distance cues (Exp. 2). We assessed possible causes of the systematic pattern of undershooting and overshooting as related to the shift in the starting position. In each experiment, two groups of 10 students were given 25 trials, and each had criterion and reproduction tasks involving linear-positioning movements with a 10-sec. retention interval. Each experiment had two independent variables, the group of subjects and the shift in the starting position. The two groups differed in the possible sources of information, the distance moved (Exp. 1) or the end-location (Exp. 2), which were assumed to cause undershooting and overshooting during reproduction. Analysis showed that the information about the distance moved may produce undershooting and overshooting in reproduction of the end-location (Exp. 1). Also, the information about the end-location may produce undershooting and overshooting in reproduction of the distance moved (Exp. 2). The findings were further evidence of interference between location and distance cues in motor short-term memory.

Cognitive Strategies and Short-term Memory for Movement Distance and Location

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyasu Imanaka ◽  
Bruce Abernethy
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Location Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Explicit Information ◽  
Movement Distance ◽  
Criterion Movement

A number of researchers (e.g. Kerr, 1978; Walsh, Russell, Imanaka, & James, 1979) have previously demonstrated interference between location and distance information in motor short-term memory. This interference manifests itself in a characteristic pattern of undershooting and overshooting, with reproduction movement location being drawn in the direction of criterion movement distance and, conversely, the distance of reproduction movements being influenced by the terminal location of the criterion movement. We investigated the effects of different cognitive strategies upon the appearance of this location-distance interference during the reproduction of movement location (Experiment 1) and distance (Experiments 2 and 3) in a linear arm positioning task. Experiment 1 compared performance in location reproduction between two strategy groups differing in the availability of explicit information about the change in starting position. The characteristic undershooting-overshooting interference pattern was observed for the group without the explicit information about the change in starting position but disappeared for the group in which explicit information about the change in starting position was provided. Experiment 2 examined the systematic undershooting-overshooting pattern in distance reproduction for a location strategy (involving some extrapolation of the start and end locations), a counting strategy, and a distance sense strategy (involving the use of visual imagery). The systematic response bias pattern disappeared when the subjects used a location strategy but was clearly observed for the subjects using the other two strategies. This finding was generally confirmed by Experiment 3, which showed a typical undershooting-overshooting pattern in distance reproduction for a counting/distance sense strategy but not for two location strategies (a general location and an explicit location strategy). The location strategies differed in the availability of explicit information about starting and end locations for both the criterion and reproduction movements. The results from these three experiments indicate that explicit information about the start and/or end locations prevents the usual interference between location and distance information from arising in movement reproduction. The notions of automatic and controlled processing and cerebral hemispheric specialization are discussed as potential explanations of these results and of the interference typically observed in motor short-term memory between distance and location information.

Effect of Recall Condition, Presentation Rate and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Rohrman ◽  
John C. Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
University Students ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Recall Condition ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

A total of 300 university students were presented a brief list of non-alphanumeric items and instructed to recall immediately either the items (free recall, FR), the order in which the items were presented (order recall, OR), or both (serial recall, SR). Presentation rate and retention interval were additional experimental variables in Exp. I and II, respectively. In both experiments significant differences in recall were found between FR conditions and the remaining two, which did not differ from each other. More items were recalled at the slow than fas: rate. Retention interval was not a significant variable. Results suggest that retention will improve when order information is eliminated from recall (Brown, 1958), that the recall of item and order information involve at least partially independent memory processes, and that, while the recall of items may proceed independently of the recall of their order, the converse is not true.

KNOWLEDGE OF NATIVELIKE SELECTIONS IN A L2

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Foster ◽  
Cylcia Bolibaugh ◽  
Agnieszka Kotula
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Late Starters

It is well established that part of native speaker competence resides in knowledge of conventionalized word combinations, or nativelike selections (NLSs). This article reports an investigation into the receptive NLS knowledge of second language (L2) users of English in both the United Kingdom and Poland and the influence of a variety of independent variables on this knowledge. Results indicate that only an early start (< 12 years old) in an immersion setting guarantees nativelikeness. Long exposure in late starters brings moderate gains in both settings but not to nativelike levels; positive feelings toward the L2 and motivation to interact in it bear little to no relationship with NLS; phonological short-term memory (pSTM) is the only predictor of NLS ability in immersion late starters, with no effect found in a foreign language setting. Our results suggest that NLS is subject to age effects and that, for late starters, a good pSTM and L2 immersion are necessary for the acquisition of this dimension of L2 knowledge.

Short-Term Memory and the Nature of Interference from Concurrent Shadowing

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal E. A. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Trigrams were presented visually or auditorily and followed by a 12 s retention interval filled with shadowing numbers or letters. Auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing were recalled less than auditory memory letters followed by number shadowing or visual memory letters followed by either type of shadowing. The latter three conditions did not differ among themselves. An analysis of the recall intrusions suggested that forgetting of auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing was caused mainly by a confusion between covert rehearsals and shadowing activity, while forgetting in the other three conditions was caused primarily by proactive interference from earlier memory trials.

Short-term Temporal Changes in Free Recall

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Postman ◽  
Laura W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Counting Task

An experimental study of short-term memory for lists of familiar English words is reported. Lists of 10, 20, and 30 unrelated words were presented at a 1-sec. rate. Retention was measured by free recall after intervals of 0, 15 and 30 sec. A counting task was used to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval. The absolute level of recall increased with length of list whereas the percentages retained showed the reverse trend. The recall scores decreased steadily as a function of retention interval, with the rates of forgetting comparable for the three lengths of list. The decline in the amount recalled was due in large measure to the loss of the terminal items in the list. Consequently, the pronounced recency effect present on the immediate test of recall was progressively reduced as a function of time. By contrast retention of the initial part of the list was relatively stable. These variations in rate of forgetting are attributed to differences among serial positions in susceptibility to proactive inhibition.

Short-Term Memory for Duration of Movement

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby Elliott ◽  
Ruth Jones
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Visually Guided Movements ◽  
Memory For Duration

This study examined the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information about visually guided movements. Subjects attempted to recall a preselected movement of a particular duration either immediately or after an unfilled or filled retention interval. Subjects did not benefit from an opportunity to rehearse information about duration of movement over the interval. This finding supports a decay model of forgetting for temporal information about visually guided movements.

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