Nature of Infantile Shock Traumatization, Strain Differences, and Adaptability to Stress

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene F. Gauron
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Avoidance Conditioning ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Long Evans

Infant rats of two strains were exposed to two types of shock traumatization in infancy: escapable and inescapable. The strains included Sprague-Dawley rats and Long-Evans hooded rats. Animals were tested in adulthood on open-field test, avoidance conditioning, and water escape maze. Statistical analysis yielded several significant Strain × Treatment interactions which suggest that strain of the animal and type of traumatization are potential influencing variables in the nature and direction of the effect produced by early traumatization. Such genetic and ontogenetic interaction complicates the issue of the nature of the effect produced by early experience.

Rat Strain and Sex Differences in Leptin Responses to Immobilization Stress

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Ceballos ◽  
Martha M. Faraday ◽  
Laura Cousino Klein
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Rat Strain ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Plasma Leptin

The effects of immobilization (IM) stress on plasma leptin levels and bodyweight in adult Sprague-Dawley (19 males, 20 females) and Long-Evans (20 males, 20 females) rats were investigated. Following a 10-day baseline period, half the animals from each experimental group were exposed to immobilization stress or no-stress 20 min/day for 21 days. Plasma leptin and corticosterone levels were measured following stress or no-stress exposure on the last day of the experiment. Corticosterone levels confirmed stress exposure. Important interactive effects of stress, strain, and sex on leptin and corticosterone levels were also observed. Specifically, females displayed higher leptin levels than did males, regardless of stress exposure. Strain interacted with stress such that stressed Long-Evans rats displayed higher leptin levels than did stressed Sprague-Dawley rats; there were no strain differences in leptin levels among nonstressed rats. Also, correlations between leptin and corticosterone were strain-specific. Results are discussed with respect to previously unreported strain differences in the effects of immobilization stress on circulating plasma leptin and the relevance to inconsistent findings in the human literature.

Anxiolytic effects of administration of a commercially available prebiotic blend of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucans in Sprague-Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
A.J. Gall ◽  
G.D. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Plus Maze

Prebiotics are nondigestible food agents that stimulate the growth of bacteria in the gut, whereas probiotics are live microorganisms that replace or restore beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract. Both agents have been shown to have beneficial qualities within the microbiota-gut-brain axis, but the behavioural effects of prebiotics have been less studied than probiotics. Whereas several studies have shown that prebiotics reduce inflammation and modulate anxiety in animals that are injected with lipopolysacccharides or chronically stressed animals, respectively, it is not yet known how they affect a healthy organism. Here, we tested the behavioural effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucan as a commercially available prebiotic blend in healthy, naïve Sprague-Dawley rats. We used the open field test and elevated plus maze to assess anxiety-like behaviour in controls and in rats that ingested the prebiotic blend in their drinking water. We also used the Morris Water Maze to assess spatial memory performance in controls and prebiotic treated rats. Rats treated with prebiotics spent more time in the intermediate zone of the open field test and in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and exhibited a shorter latency to enter each of these zones. No significant differences between groups were found in the Morris Water Maze. Our results suggest that whereas prebiotics significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours, it had no effect on spatial memory performance. Altogether, our data indicate that commercially available prebiotic beta glucan blends have anxiolytic effects in healthy rats.

An improved bioassay method for determining natriuretic activity of atrial extracts

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. F314-F318
Author(s):  
M. D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Factor ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Atrial Tissue ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Ventricular Tissue ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Extracts of mammalian atrial tissue contain potent natriuretic substances known collectively as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The purposes of the present experiments were: 1) to improve on existing bioassay methodology for the detection of ANF activity in atrial extracts, and 2) to compare the ANF activity of atrial extracts prepared from Brattleboro-stain diabetes insipidus (DI) rats with that from normal and water-deprived Long-Evans (LE) rats. A pool of atrial tissue extract (AE) was prepared from normal Sprague-Dawley rats for use as a standard against which unknown AE samples could be compared. Five doses, ranging from 27 to 432 micrograms of AE protein, were assayed in the Sprague-Dawley bioassay rats. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle and ventricular tissue extracts were also assayed. Statistical analysis of several log dose-response relationships revealed that the bioassay response most appropriate in determining relative natriuretic activity of AE was the log of the experimental/control ratio for sodium excretion. The bioassay was used to demonstrate that PBS atrial extracts from both water-deprived LE rats and DI rats contain more natriuretic activity than do PBS atrial extracts from LE rats.

scholarly journals Strain Differences in Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in Long-Evans Compared to Sprague-Dawley Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlene A. Tan ◽  
Andrea Quigley ◽  
Douglas C. Smith ◽  
Michael R. Hoane
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Long Evans

scholarly journals Strain differences in rat liver (UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity towards androsterone

1979 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Matsui ◽  
F Nagai ◽  
S Aoyagi
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Triton X

Male Donryu, Wistar King rats showed discontinuous variations in hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities towards androsterone, but not towards testosterone, bilirubin, phenolphthalein and 4-nitrophenol. Fresh microsomal fraction with a low transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.049–0.080 nmole of glucuronide/min per mg of protein, whereas fresh microsomal fraction with a high transferase activity towards androsterone formed 0.335–0.557 nmol of glucuronide/min per mg of protein. The microsomal fraction with low enzyme activity towards androsterone was not stimulated by treatment with Triton X-100 or freezing and thawing. In contrast, male Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats did not exhibit such diversity.

Relationship of Various Behaviors in the Open-Field Test of Emotionality

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Pare
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Relationship Of

Using Hall's open-field test of emotionality, measures of latency, ambulation, rearing, defecation, urination, and squealing were obtained from 126 male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 daily sessions. Defecation correlated significantly only with urination. The hypothesis that defecation and ambulation are inversely related was not confirmed. Emotionality, in the rat, is best defined by amount of defecation in the open field.

Ultrastructural Investigation of Spontaneous Pituitary Adenomas in Aging Sprague-Dawley Rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Investigation ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Long Evans

Investigation of the spontaneous pituitary adenomas in rat have been limited mainly to light microscopic study. Furth et al. (1973) described them as chromophobic, secreting prolactin. Kovacs et al. (1977) in an ul trastructural investigation of adenomas of old female Long-Evans rats, found that they were composed of prolactin cells. Berkvens et al. (1980) using immunocytochemistry at the light microscopic level, demonstrated that some spontaneous tumors of old Wistar rats could contain GH, TSH or ACTH as well as PRL.

Strain Differences Occurring in an Experimental Study of Punishment

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton H. Kleban
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Difference

Forty-three Sprague-Dawley and 43 Wistar rats were given reward training for 40 trials in a Y-maze. On the next 20 trials, control groups were continued under the same training procedure, and 50% shock trials were introduced in the training of the remaining rats. For the extinction training, the reward was shifted to the opposite arm and 50% shock was continued for the no-delay and 30-sec. delay shock groups. The most significant results were that in the 30-sec. delay groups, the delay helped the Sprague-Dawley rats reverse in a minimum number of trials, whereas the Wistar rats showed strong indications of response stereotypy. The findings with respect to the Sprague-Dawley rats supported the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of delay in overcoming response persistence and the findings on the Wistar rats supported the empirical evidence on omission in punishment. The difference in response to punishment between the two albino strains emphasizes the need for experimental study of strain factors. Experiments should be repeated with several animal strains to remedy over-generalization from single strains and to help elaborate our understanding of the interaction present between punishment and strains.

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