Deprivation as a Learning Variable: Effects of Maintenance Schedule and Current Deprivation

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Maples ◽  
Maury M. Haraway ◽  
Terry R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Test Trial ◽  
Training Trial ◽  
Choice Point ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Post Shift

The study investigated two aspects of food deprivation—maintenance schedule and current deprivation—in their effects on both speed and accuracy measures of learning. Male rats were assigned to 3 groups. High-High Ss were maintained at 22 hr. deprivation and trained 22 hr. after food removal. High-Low Ss were maintained at 22 hr. deprivation and trained 6 hr. after food removal. Low-Low Ss were maintained at 6 hr. deprivation and trained 6 hr. after food removal. The apparatus was a four-choice-point elevated T-maze. Food was presented following the final correct choice on each trial. After 10 training trials, all Ss were shifted to a 14-hr. maintenance schedule and 10 days later were given a single test trial. On both speed and accuracy measures for both the last training trial and the post-shift test-trial, the performance of the Low-Low group was significantly inferior to that of the two High groups while those groups did not differ from one another.

Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Negative Reinforcement

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Maples ◽  
Phillip D. Tomporowski ◽  
Maury M. Haraway
Keyword(s):  
Test Trial ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Termination ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
The Difference

The study was designed to provide an empirical basis for Denny's account of negative reinforcement by showing that stimuli contiguously paired with shock termination can become conditioned elicitors of approach. 20 experimental Ss received 15 trials in which the onset of a 6-w light was paired with the termination of a 30-sec., 1-ma. scrambled shock, independently of Ss' behavior. 20 control Ss received an equivalent number of light and shock presentations, but these were unpaired. On a single test trial, S was exposed to a 6 w light in one arm (randomly selected) of a modified T-maze. 17 of 20 experimental Ss approached the light whereas only 11 of 20 control Ss approached the light. The difference between proportions was significant ( p = .05).

ABSENCE OF A DIURNAL RHYTHM IN LORDOSIS BEHAVIOUR INDUCED BY OESTROGEN IN GONADECTOMIZED RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. ERSKINE ◽  
J. I. MARCUS ◽  
M. J. BAUM
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Lordosis Behaviour ◽  
Cervical Stimulation ◽  
Lighting Regimen

Gonadectomized rats bearing s.c. Silastic capsules containing crystalline oestradiol-17β diluted with cholesterol, or oestradiol-17β dissolved in sesame oil were tested for the presence of a diurnal rhythm in the display of lordotic behaviour. In experiment 1, female rats received four consecutive tests at intervals of 8 h in a lighting regimen of 12 h light: 12 h darkness beginning 4, 14 and 28 days after implantation of 5 mm capsules of oestradiol. After a single test on day 4, male rats were tested on days 14–15 only, at the same times as the female rats. Female animals were tested while vaginal–cervical stimulation was prevented by vaginal masking beginning 35 days after implantation of oestradiol. In experiment 2, lordotic responsiveness of female rats was assessed beginning 4 days after implantation of oestradiol once on each of 3 consecutive days, with each test occurring at a different time of day. Finally, in experiment 3, female rats were tested as in experiment 1 beginning 4 days after implantation of lower threshold amounts of oestradiol in oil-filled capsules. In no experiment were changes in lordotic behaviour observed as a function of the time of day. These findings failed to support recent reports of a sexually dimorphic rhythm in lordotic responsiveness to oestradiol in the rat.

On the Development of Prototypes and Preferences

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Brant ◽  
Philip H. Marshall ◽  
Bret Roark
Keyword(s):  
Test Phase ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Prototype Development ◽  
Preference Ratings ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Phase Preference

Using a methodology previously established to investigate prototype development, the present study evaluated the hypothesis that prototypicality is the basis for aesthetic preference. Over the course of several sorting trials, subjects classified (with feedback) computer-generated random asterisk patterns (exemplars) into two categories, each of which represented a different predetermined prototype pattern. Subjects did not see the prototype patterns during this learning phase, but were exposed to them in a subsequent sorting test phase during which sorting speed and accuracy measures were taken for old exemplars, new exemplars and prototypes. Following this test phase, preference ratings for old exemplars, new exemplars and prototype patterns were obtained. Various indices of prototype development, reflecting sorting speed and accuracy of classification of test patterns, were derived for individual subjects. The results indicated that although overall “classic” prototype effects emerged for both latency and accuracy measures, there was no evidence that prototype development was involved with preference judgments. Alternative theoretical and methodological considerations are offered.

Spatial Attention in Visual Search for Features and Feature Conjunctions

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Shik Kim ◽  
Kyle R. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Probe Method ◽  
Conjunction Search ◽  
Attentional Allocation ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Spatial attention was measured in visual search tasks using a spatial probe Both speed and accuracy measures showed that in a conjunction task, spatial attention was allocated to locations according to the presence of target features Also, contrary to some predictions, spatial attention was used when a clearly distinguishable feature defined the target The results raise questions about any account that assumes separate mechanisms for feature and conjunction search The probe method demonstrated here allows a very direct measurement of attentional allocation, and may uncover aspects of selection not revealed by visual search

Is a test trial a training trial in free recall learning?

1968 ◽  
Vol 76 (1, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Lachman ◽  
Kenneth R. Laughery
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Test Trial ◽  
Training Trial ◽  
Free Recall Learning

Retest Reliability of Integrated Speed–Accuracy Measures

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112098560
Author(s):  
Tamar Bakun Emesh ◽  
Dror Garbi ◽  
Alon Kaplan ◽  
Hila Zelicha ◽  
Anat Yaskolka Meir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Task Modeling ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Cognitive tasks borrowed from experimental psychology are often used to assess individual differences. A cardinal issue of this transition from experimental to correlational designs is reduced retest reliability of some well-established cognitive effects as well as speed–accuracy trade-off. The present study aimed to address these issues by examining the retest reliability of various methods for speed–accuracy integration and by comparing between two types of task modeling: difference scores and residual scores. Results from three studies on executive functions show that (a) integrated speed–accuracy scoring is generally more reliable as compared with nonintegrated methods: mean response time and accuracy; and (b) task modeling, especially residual scores, reduced reliability. We thus recommend integrating speed and accuracy, at least for measuring executive functions.

scholarly journals The effects of test trial and processing level on immediate and delayed retention

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sau Hou Chang
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Test Trial ◽  
Stimulus Word ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Free Recall Test ◽  
Deep Processing ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
Shallow Processing ◽  
Repeated Test

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of test trial and processing level on immediate and delayed retention. A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs was used with two between-subject factors of test trial (single test, repeated test) and processing level (shallow, deep), and one within-subject factor of final recall (immediate, delayed). Seventy-six college students were randomly assigned first to the single test (studied the stimulus words three times and took one free-recall test) and the repeated test trials (studied the stimulus words once and took three consecutive free-recall tests), and then to the shallow processing level (asked whether each stimulus word was presented in capital letter or in small letter) and the deep processing level (whether each stimulus word belonged to a particular category) to study forty stimulus words. The immediate test was administered five minutes after the trials, whereas the delayed test was administered one week later. Results showed that single test trial recalled more words than repeated test trial in immediate final free-recall test, participants in deep processing performed better than those in shallow processing in both immediate and delayed retention. However, the dominance of single test trial and deep processing did not happen in delayed retention. Additional study trials did not further enhance the delayed retention of words encoded in deep processing, but did enhance the delayed retention of words encoded in shallow processing.

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