scholarly journals Effort distribution analysis for the 800 m race: IAAF World Athletics Championships, London 2017 and Birmingham 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
José Luis López-del Amo ◽  
Antoni Planas-Anzano ◽  
Maria S. Zakynthinaki ◽  
Jonathan Ospina-Betancurt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Effort Distribution

Abstract Study aim: To analyse the distribution of effort in the 800 m event at the IAAF World Athletics Championships in London 2017 (outdoor, 44 men, 45 women) and in Birmingham 2018 (indoor, 9 men, 14 women). Material and methods: A total of 187 individual performances during heats, semi-finals, and finals were analysed. The official split times of each athlete every 100 m were taken as reference for the analysis of: times; percentages of times in regard to the final time; speed; changes in position during the races; percentage deviations in terms of the average time per race per section of 100, 200 and 400 m. Results: There are different strategies used in the elite 800m race that are related to sex differences, the management of energy consumption and the differences and similarities between indoor and outdoor races. Conclusions: Although diverse pacing strategies exist, more balanced strategies, after a fast start, have better results.

scholarly journals Pacing Strategies of 1500 m Freestyle Swimmers in the World Championships According to Their Final Position

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7559
Author(s):  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Long Course ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

In 1500 m freestyle swimming races, pacing is generally represented by a parabolic or U-shaped curve indicating that swimming velocity is greatest at the start and the last laps of the race while swimmers maintain an even pace through the middle section of the race. However, there is no information to determine if 1500 m race winners select pacing different to other, less successful swimmers within the same competition. Therefore, this investigation aimed to describe the pacing strategies adopted by 1500 m freestyle competitive swimmers in World Championships (long course), from 2003 to 2019 to determine the most effective pacing to obtain victory or a medal. The official overall and split times for 1500 m freestyle races of the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) were obtained from the website of this organization. In total, data of 143 swimming performances (71 male and 72 female) were extracted. With the split times, lap times, and position were calculated across the race. To determine differences in the pacing between best- and worst-ranked finalist, swimmers in each race were divided into four groups based on the final position (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd vs. 4–8th). All the lap times of the winners of the race were faster than those of participants classified as 4–8th position for men and women races (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in lap velocity among the different positions achieved at the end of the race when it was normalized by average race velocity. Additionally, there were no differences in the lap-to-lap variability among swimmers with different positions at the end of the race. In summary, both men and women elite swimmers selected parabolic pacing consisting of a fast start in the first lap, an even pace close to their average race velocity in the mid-section of the race (from 50 to 1400 m), followed by an end spurt in the final lap(s). This pattern was very similar in all finalists irrespective of the final position in the race. Hence, the obtaining of a medal in the World Championships was associated to possessing a faster average race velocity rather than a specific pacing profile through the race.

scholarly journals Development of Window-Mounted Air Cap Roller Module

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heangwoo Lee ◽  
Janghoo Seo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Lighting Energy ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Indoor Lighting ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

While previous research has shown the use of attachable air-caps on windows to efficiently reduce a building&rsquo;s energy consumption, the air-caps considered had to be attached to the entire window&rsquo;s surface, thus limiting the occupants&rsquo; view and creating the inconvenience of needing to detach and attach the air-caps. In this study, a window-mounted air-cap roller module using Velcro tape that may be easily attached, detached, and rolled up or down was developed and performance tested in a full-scale test bed. It was found that as the area of the air-caps attached on a window increased, the required indoor lighting energy increased. However, the window insulation improved, thus reducing the cooling and heating energy needed. Attaching the air-caps to the entire window surface effectively reduced the building&rsquo;s energy consumption, but views through the window may be disturbed. Thus, the developed window-mounted air-caps enable an occupant to reduce the building energy consumption and maintain their view according to their need. The findings of this study may contribute to a reduction in building energy consumption without sacrificing a pleasant indoor environment. Further studies may be needed to verify their efficacy under varying indoor and outdoor conditions.

Electrical performance results of an energy efficient building with an integrated photovoltaic system

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sosten Ziuku ◽  
Edson L. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaics ◽  
The North ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

A 3.8 kW rooftop photovoltaic generator has been installed on an energy efficient house built at the University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, South Africa. The system, located on the north facing roof, started generating electrical power in February 2009. In addition to providing electrical energy, the photovoltaic panels also act as the building roofing material. An instrumentation and data acquisition system was installed to record the indoor and outdoor ambient temperature, indoor and outdoor relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar irradiance, electrical energy produced by the solar panels and the household energy consumption. This paper presents the initial results of the electrical performance of the building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) generator and energy consumption patterns in the energy efficient house.

Indoor and Outdoor Activities of Aged Women and Men as Related to Depression and Well-Being

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Lomranz ◽  
Simon Bergman ◽  
Nitza Eyal ◽  
Dov Shmotkin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Old People ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

This article examines the relations between reported level of activity and measures of affect in old people, exploring possible sex differences. It was hypothesized that these relations are mediated by the satisfaction from the specific activity. The sample consisted of fifty-four women and forty-five men, ranging in age from sixty to eighty, functioning normally in the community. A questionnaire assessed participants' levels of indoor/outdoor activities. Participants rated their satisfaction for each of these activities. Negative affect was measured by Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale, and positive affect was measured by Bradburn's Weil-Being (Affect-Balance) Scale. For male respondents, results showed significant negative correlations between depression and both activities, and significant positive correlations with respect to well-being. Significant positive correlation was obtained only between well-being and outdoor activity for female respondents. When satisfaction from the specific activity was controlled for, only two correlations remained significant in the male participants, lending partial support to the hypothesis. A multiple regression analysis revealed reported levels of activity could predict both depression and well-being for men much better than for women, whereas satisfaction from activity could do that much better for women than for men. Discussion deals with the sex differences regarding the meaning of activity in old age and its implications for affect. The differentiation between kinds of activity as well as measures of affect is also referenced.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the energies of needle bar mechanisms of the sewing machines

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Bl. Paleva-Kadiyska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Sewing Machine ◽  
General Energy ◽  
Full Rotation ◽  
The One

Introduction: Sewing machines a set of mechanisms that work together, of which the most dynamic mechanism is the one that drives the needle. Stitch quality, the stitch strength and the productivity of the sewing machine largely depend on the work of the needle bar mechanism. The main task during the study dynamics of the sewing machine mechanisms is to determine the energy balance. Purpose: The aim is to determine the total energy consumed by the mechanisms per one full rotation of the main shaft of each machine; the share of energy consumed by each unit of the needle bar mechanism for one turnover; the ratio of the energy of each of the links of the mechanism both during the working motion and during the free motion of the needle. Materials and Methods: The object of the study is the energies of the needle bar mechanisms of the sewing machines Juki DDL5550 and Textima 8332. An energy distribution analysis was performed during the working process and the free stroke of the sewing needle. The energies of the mechanisms of the two sewing machines were compared. Results: Were calculated maximum energy values are as follows: of the rocker: for Juki DDL5530 Ek = 2,8051 kg.m2/s2 and for Textima 8332 Ek = 1,3864 kg.m2/s2; of the executive links - the needle bars: for Juki DDL5530 Ek = 5,9507 kg.m2/s2 and for Textima 8332 Ek = 4,3696 kg.m2/s2; general energy of needle bar mechanism: for Juki DDL5530 Ek = 8,7487 kg.m2/s2 and for Textima 8332 Ek = 5,7416 kg.m2/s2. Conclusion: The comparative analysis reveals that the energy consumption of the needle bar mechanism of Juki DDL5530 is significantly higher. Consequently, the energy consumption indicator of the Textima 8332, which is directly driven without a clamp, is more efficient.

scholarly journals Using Accelerometry for Evaluating Energy Consumption and Running Intensity Distribution Throughout a Marathon According to Sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6196
Author(s):  
Carlos Hernando ◽  
Carla Hernando ◽  
Ignacio Martinez-Navarro ◽  
Eladio Collado-Boira ◽  
Nayara Panizo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting

The proportion of females participating in long-distance races has been increasing in the last years. Although it is well-known that there are differences in how females and males face a marathon, higher research may be done to fully understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting sex differences in endurance performance. In this work, we used triaxial accelerometer devices to monitor 74 males and 14 females, aged 30 to 45 years, who finished the Valencia Marathon in 2016. Moreover, marathon split times were provided by organizers. Several physiological traits and training habits were collected from each participant. Then, we evaluated several accelerometry- and pace-estimated parameters (pacing, average change of speed, energy consumption, oxygen uptake, running intensity distribution and running economy) in female and male amateur runners. In general, our results showed that females maintained a more stable pacing and ran at less demanding intensity throughout the marathon, limiting the decay of running pace in the last part of the race. In fact, females ran at 4.5% faster pace than males in the last kilometers. Besides, their running economy was higher than males (consumed nearly 19% less relative energy per distance) in the last section of the marathon. Our results may reflect well-known sex differences in physiology (i.e., muscle strength, fat metabolism, VO2max), and in running strategy approach (i.e., females run at a more conservative intensity level in the first part of the marathon compared to males). The use of accelerometer devices allows coaches and scientific community to constantly monitor a runner throughout the marathon, as well as during training sessions.

Pacing profiles of master athletes according to their predicted finishing time

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Francesca Piacentini ◽  
Dario Reda ◽  
Carlo Minganti ◽  
Roberto Baldassarre ◽  
Cantor Tarperi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of recreational master runners to accurately maintain their pre-race target time and compare pacing and perceived exertion (RPE) of different groups of athletes according to how close they were to their predicted time. One hundred and seventy half marathoners (n = 135 males; 45 ± 6.6 yrs and n = 35 females; 41.1 ± 6 years) were divided in three groups (slower [SL; n = 52], target [TAR; n = 57] and faster [FA; n = 61]) based on the difference between final time and predicted time (OBJ). Time splits and RPE were collected every 7 km. The Hazard Score (HS) was calculated by multiplying the momentary RPE by the remaining fraction of the race. Differences between and within groups was calculated by using a separate mixed ANOVAs for repeated measures. SL group started at target pace thereafter decreased speed significantly. TAR started faster and significantly decreased speed at km 14. FA group started faster than OBJ with no difference in splits. RPE and HS showed no differences between groups. Results of the present study demonstrate different pacing strategies between FA, TAR and SL master runners, in comparison to OBJ despite no differences in RPE or HS.

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