scholarly journals Water quality for triathlon and open water swimming competitions in Brazilian freshwaters

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Frederico Azevedo Lopes ◽  
Andrea Coelho Leite
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Primary Contact ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Contact Recreation

Abstract In high-performance competitive activities, there can be intense and prolonged exposure to water during swimming components of the competition. Therefore, water quality assessments with reference to standards are desirable to ensure athletes’ health. We evaluated whether the official criteria established for primary contact recreation in Brazilian freshwaters (CONAMA Directive 274/2000), and an integrated index of bathing conditions in Brazil (ICB), are consistent with the water quality standards stipulated by the International Triathlon Union (ITU). The water quality of Lake of Ingleses, an important venue for triathlon and open water swimming near Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was assessed between 2003 and 2019. Results for E. coli, cyanobacteria density, and pH were favorable for contact recreation and competitions at the lake. Of the variables considered, only turbidity, used as a proxy indicator of visual water clarity, was unsuitable during part of the monitoring period. The ICB agreed with the ITU standards for Very Good and Excellent quality classes and is recommended as a tool for screening sites considered for competitions in Brazilian freshwaters. However, the Brazilian national criteria for contact recreation only present standards for E. coli and pH, which is insufficient coverage of attributes affecting primary contact suitability of water in high-performance sports activities.

scholarly journals Assessment of water quality in the vicinity of Chini lake, Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046
Author(s):  
Youssif Hussin Abdusalam ◽  
IM Sujaul ◽  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
MG Salah ◽  
M Idris Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Domestic Effluent ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

Chini lake water is used as a source of water for domestic, industrial and agriculture. The study was carried out to assess the water quality of the lake and surrounding area. Ten sampling sites were selected representing the open water body in the lake. A total of 14 water quality parameters viz.. temperature, EC, TDS, DO, pH, turbidity. BOD, COD, TSS, PO4, SO4, NH4, NO3 and salinity were measured. The lowest WQI value 77 was recorded at site S4, respectively, which were found to be slightly polluted. Considering the NWQS, temperature 30.04°C, EC 31.42 μS/cm, TDS 19.03 mg/l, NO3 - 0.21 mg/l, SO4 - 0.84 mg/l, PO4 - 0.05 mg/l, TSS 12.03 mg/l and salinity 0.03 ppt are categorized under class I, while DO 6.15 mg/l, pH 6.73, turbidity 4.22 NTU, BOD 1.63 mg/l, COD 19.50 mg/l and NH4-N 0.20 mg/l the lake water quality are categorized under class II. Total coliform was 273, 412, 868, 267, 495, 406, 929, 953, 441 and 398 cfu/100 ml at all S1 - S10 sites, respectively. While E. coli was found 13, 7, 13, 5, 7, 5, 6, 106, 10 and 7 cfu/100 ml, respectively at all S1 - S10 sites. The highest number of both total coliform 953 cfu/100ml and E. coli 106 cfu/100ml were observed at site S8. The sources of coliforms and E. coli pollution were wastes from human and animals and domestic effluent, which might be due to lack of improper sanitation systems and effects of land use from surrounding agricultural area.

History and Application of Microbiological Water Quality Standards in the Marine Environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Salas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Primary Contact ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Contact Recreation

The history and application of microbiological water quality standards in the marine environment for primary contact recreation and shell fish harvesting are presented. Special note is taken of recent investigations which concluded that Enterococci, as an indicator organism, provided the best correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to swimming in contaminated waters. The linear relationship developed between mean enterococcus density per 100 ml and swimming associated rate for gastrointestinal symptoms per 1000 persons is presented along with the U S Environmental Protection Agency proposal to adopt Enterococci as the primary indicator organism in lieu of total and fecal coliforms. One school of thought which considers microbiological guidelines/standards for primary contact recreation relevant to public health protection is compared to the opposing viewpoint that such guidelines/standards are merely useful for aesthetic considerations. International, national and local microbiological guidelines and standards in the marine environment are presented to provide a range for the water quality planner. The simple adaptation of a particular set of standards is considered inappropriate without a thorough review of local circumstances and local/ national economic factors. Also, caution should be exercised in directly applying quantitative relationships between health risk and indicator organism in other areas where the general health and immunity of the local population may be different.

scholarly journals Water quality assessment for balneability at Porto Real Beach in the municipality of Porto Nacional – TO / Avaliação da qualidade da água para a balneabilidade na Praia Real do Porto no município do Porto Nacional – TO

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 56356-56371
Author(s):  
Jânio Pereira Da Silva ◽  
Marcelo dos Santos Targa ◽  
Ângelo Ricardo Balduíno
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
The City ◽  
Contact Recreation

Water is an indispensable asset for humankind. Although it is renewable, it is finite, that is, it is exhaustible. Due to the need and the quantity of water for the development and progress of human activities, there is a significant increase in water consumption year after year in Brazil. Bathing is an instrument for checking the parameters that determine whether the water of a particular beach is of good quality for primary contact recreation. The objective of the research project was to verify the water quality of the artificial bathing beach of Porto Real, in the city of Porto Nacional in the state of Tocantins. This project prioritized the bathing water for use by the local population. The methodology to be employed will rely on an experimental research, according to Colilert's technique, and also according to the methodology adopted by Standard Methods (APHA 2005), with analysis of primary and secondary water quality data. The monitoring information was carried out in partnership with the Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Tocantins - IFTO. The results showed satisfactory E. coli and pH values for the Porto Real Beach bathing resort, according to parameters established in the CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000.

A water quality index for contact recreation in New Zealand

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Nagels ◽  
R. J. Davies-Colley ◽  
D. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Contact Recreation

We surveyed the opinions of 16 water quality experts in order to develop a water quality index for contact recreation in freshwaters in New Zealand. The index was developed by postal surveys using the Delphi method, involving feedback of information to the panel members at each iteration. Determinands selected for use in the index were as follows: faecal bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms or E. coli), pH, Munsell colour, visual clarity indicators (black disc visibility or turbidity), and nutrients promoting nuisance growths (filtered BOD5, and dissolved forms of phosphorus and nitrogen). “Sub-index” curves relating suitability-for-use to these water quality determinands have been developed. The mean (“consensus”) sub-index curves can be used to interpret water quality data in terms of suitability-for-use scores. We advocate using the lowest suitability-for-use score for a water as its overall index value for contact recreation. Thus the water body's suitability-for-use is determined by its “poorest”characteristic. The index is now ready to be tested by water managers for its utility in state-of-environment reporting.

Factors influencing faecal contamination in coastal marinas

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.D. Sobsey ◽  
R. Perdue ◽  
M. Overton ◽  
J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Primary Contact ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Contact Recreation

Recreational pleasure and fishing boats are potential sources of human faecal contamination because the sanitary wastes from boat occupants may be discharged into the surrounding water. The impacts of such faecal contamination from boats is potentially high in marinas where boats are often kept and occupied for varying periods of time. The nature and extent of such faecal contamination from boats in marinas of different design and use is still inadequately understood. In this study the levels of faecal coliform (FC) bacteria were measured in the waters of a confined and an open water marina over a 6 d period encompassing a holiday weekend. Levels of FC rose with increasing occupancy by boats and boaters during the study period and then declined again. FC levels were higher in waters of a confined or basin marina than in waters of an open or unconfined marina. In both confined and open water marinas, FC levels were highest in water samples collected near boats but they also became elevated on occasion in water samples taken a distance of 305 m from boats. Concentrations of FC in marina waters exceeded the standards and guidelines for shell-fishing and primary contact recreation waters. Therefore, greater consideration of human health risks from enteric microbes in marina waters and shellfish is recommended.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of the balneability conditions of Beira Rio beach in the municipality of Porto Nacional, Tocantins

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Paulo Victor Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Ângelo Ricardo Balduino
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Specific Criterion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Primary Contact ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Contact Recreation ◽  
Microbiological Analyses

The Tocantins River has great water resources and it has been highly sought after for recreational activity, and it is highlighted for the beautiful beaches that are formed in its extension. It is important to remember that primary contact recreation and leisure activities have a specific criterion of sanitary safety for the purpose of balneability. This study evaluated the water quality of Beira Rio Beach in Porto Nacional - Tocantins. Microbiological analyses were performed using the indicators of the total coliform group and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results of the monitoring were checked with the parameters established for balneability purposes defined by CONAMA Resolution No 274/00. The Colilert technique was used for detections and confirmatory identifications of total coliforms and E. coli. Low concentrations of E. coli were proven, which allowed the final classification in the category of 'excellent', according to CONAMA Resolution No. 274/00. Therefore, the waters of Beira Rio Beach, in the period of analysis and collection of samples, based on the indicator of bacteria of the E. coli group, were found within the accepted standards for balneability (primary contact recreation).

scholarly journals Seeing is Predicting: Water Clarity-Based Nowcast Models for E. coli Prediction in Surface Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Dada
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
River Waters ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Black Disc ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Given the 24–48 h turn-around time of conventional surveillance approaches, methods are needed that improve the timeliness and accuracy of recreational water quality risk assessments. Although one useful approach is to combine existing monitoring programmes with predictive faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) models, these models are largely ‘top-down’ in their approach to safeguarding public health. Beyond being simply ‘advised when to avoid swimming’, there is an increasing awareness amongst the general public regarding the role they can play in water quality monitoring. Using quantile, maximum value and optimized incremental modelling approaches, this study reports on the possibility of developing intuitive, public-friendly models that are based on the physical appearance of water (clarity), to estimate 8103 nation-wide E. coli concentrations in rivers, and to assess whether water is safe to swim in. If swimmers were to avoid river waters with <1.1 m black disc visibility during autumn and summer, and river waters with values <0.5 m black disc visibility during spring and winter, they would also avoid microbial hazards that are associated with exceedances of the 540 CFU/100 mL single sample bathing water standard. Regardless of the climatic season, stream order classification, catchment land cover or geology of streams considered, the clarity-based E. coli models performed well as they presented with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of at least 72%. The developed models offer the benefit of providing a faster method for estimating E. coli concentration, potentially engaging the public in water monitoring, and allowing them to make informed decisions on whether it is safe to swim.

STUDI PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS AIR BERSIH DALAM KAITANYA DENGAN AKTIVITAS MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR SUMBER AIR PADA DESA WAINITU, BATUMERAH, AMAHUSU, DAN HALONG

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Lela Uyara ◽  
Pieter Kunu ◽  
Silwanus M Talakua
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Standard Quality

The study aims to determine the quality of clean water in the villages of Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong by comparing the result of water quality analysis with water quality standard. Water quality analysis includes Physiscal, Chemical, and Microbiological parameters. This research uses descriptive method, this method describes systematics, accurate about facts and characteristic of the quality of clean water of each research location. The results showed that the source of clean water in the village of Batumerah did not meet the standard of clean water quality standards indicated by the number of E. coli and the high total coliform.  Keywords: standard quality of clean water, water quality, Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong villages   ABSTRAK Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menetapkan kualitas air bersih di Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, dengan membandingkan hasil analisis kualitas air dengan standar baku mutu air bersih. Analisis kualitas air meliputi parameter fisika, kimia dan mikrobiologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif; metode ini menggambarkan sicara sistematis, akurat, fakta dan karakteristik mengenai kualitas air bersih di masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber air bersih di Desa Batumerah tidak memenuhi standar baku mutu air bersih yang ditunjukkan oleh jumlah E. coli dan total Koliform yang tinggi. Kata Kunci: baku mutu air bersih, Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, kualitas air

Long-Term (15 Years) Results of NPS Controls in an Agricultural Watershed upon a Receiving Lake's Water Quality

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Garrison ◽  
Timothy R. Asplund
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
White Clay

Nonpoint source controls were installed in a 1215 ha agricultural watershed in northeastern Wisconsin in the late 1970. Changes were made in handling of animal wastes and cropping practices to reduce runoff of sediment and nutrients. Modelling results predicted a reduction in phosphorus runoff of 30 percent. The water quality of White Clay Lake has worsened since the installation of NPS controls. The lake's phosphorus concentration has increased from a mean of 29 µg L−1 in the late 1970s to 44 µg L−1 in recent years. Water clarity has declined from 2.7 to 2.1 m and the mean summer chlorophyll levels have increased from 9 to 13 µg L−1 with peak values exceeding 40 µg L−1. Increased phosphorus loading is not the result of elevated precipitation but instead the failure of the control measures to sufficiently reduce P loading. Most of the effort was placed on structural changes while most of the P loading comes from cropland runoff. Further, soil phosphorus concentrations have increased because of artificial fertilizers and manure spreading. The White Clay Lake experience is discouraging since the majority of the polluters in this watershed utilized some NPS control practices, including 76 percent of the farms which installed waste management control facilities.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

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