scholarly journals Protecting Nature and Displacing People

Refuge ◽  
1997 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Peter Vandergeest
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Local People ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
The World ◽  
Displacement Effects

We usually think that national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and other areas reserved for the protection of nature are good things but the displacement effects of protected areas have made them highly controversial in many parts of the world. However, many environmental groups see an expanded protected areas system as central to the preservation of both biodiversity and the "charismatic megafauna" which are the basis of their funding drives. Based on a discussion of the historical roots of protected areas, the globalization of nature protection and local people in conservation, this article offers alternatives to the displacement of rural populations in the name of nature conservation.

scholarly journals Changes in the human footprint in and around Indonesia’s terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asri A. Dwiyahreni ◽  
Habiburrachman A. H. Fuad ◽  
Sunaryo Muhtar ◽  
T. E. Budhi Soesilo ◽  
Chris Margules ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Human Footprint ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe human footprint (HF) was developed to measure of the impact of human activities on the environment. The human footprint has been found to be closely related to the vulnerability of protected areas around the world. In Indonesia, as nature conservation is still seen as hindering economic development, it is especially important to assess the human footprint in order to comprehend the overall pressures resulting from the various human activities on Indonesia’s national parks. This study measured the change in the human footprint in and around 43 terrestrial national parks over 5 years, between 2012 and 2017. As many as 37 out of 43 NPs experienced an increase in the HF, ranging from 0.4 to 77.3%. Tanjung Puting in Kalimantan experienced the greatest increase (77.3%), while Ujung Kulon in Jawa Bali bioregion had the greatest decrease (10.5%). An increase in human population density and improved access to parks from roads, rivers and coastlines are the main drivers of increasing impacts on national parks.

Reply: Protected areas and property rights in Thailand

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER VANDERGEEST
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Local People ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Buffer Zones

Dearden et al . (1998) have suggested that my arguments for backing away from zealously pursuing the expansion of protected areas in Thailand (Vandergeest 1996) means giving benefits to local people with no consideration for the wider community or future generations. Let me begin my response by reminding readers of my central argument: that the driving force behind the rapid expansion of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in Thailand was primarily the forest department's need to find new ways of controlling territory and legitimizing budget allocations, rather than nature protection per se. This bureaucratic need was the outcome of widespread occupation of reserve forests, due to both reservation of occupied areas and new migration into demarcated reserved forests, as well as the 1989 ban on legal logging in Thailand. In its rush to convert reserve forest to protected area status, the forest department demarcated as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries many areas occupied and used by local people, producing a situation in which most protected areas in Thailand are surrounded or partially occupied by an alienated local population who feel that their legitimate property rights have been appropriated. The rapid expansion of protected areas in Thailand is thus hardly something that the international conservation community should be celebrating. Nor will ongoing problems with local people be fundamentally resolved through development projects, buffer zones, and participatory conservation alone, although these kinds of projects often have important benefits. I suggested that a more appropriate direction would be to degazette and allocate to households land clearly claimed and occupied by rural households, which I estimate to be about 20% of protected areas. I also suggested that some land gazetted as protected area could be managed as common property, and that conservation could be much more aggressively pursued outside of protected areas.

scholarly journals Ecotourism and Ecolodge Accommodation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Dragan Bulatović
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Unique Experience

In ecotourism, as a specific form of tourism, conscientious individuals and groups participate, who by its influence on nature are trying to reduce effects produced by so called mass tourism. Ecotourism product should be developed on the contemporary tourism trends, with full respect of local specificity which represent commitment in regard to competitive destinations. Existence of receptive factors, such as facilities for accommodation, nutrition, entertainment and recreation, represent one of the basic prerequisites for the development of any ecotourism destination. Ecotourists seek accommodation which is ecologically acceptable, modest but cozy at the same time and provides unique experience in natural surroundings. In accordance with these demands protected areas all around the world offer its visitors high quality Ecolodge facilities, which are fully submerged into nature. During their construction and management strict criteria of protection of the environment are followed with optimal waste and energy management. Montenegro has enviable spacious potential for this kind of accommodation in protected areas, especially in its five national parks, so this form of accommodation has to find its place in the future development of tourism. Designing and construction of ecotourism facilities has to be strategically planned and the fact, that it is not enough just to have attractive location but also specific content it has to offer, has to be respected. Ecolodge facilities should be designed and built in accordance with traditional architecture and surrounding materials, to influence as little as possible on the environment and to use alternative energy sources. In other words, it is necessary to provide sustainability of these facilities.

scholarly journals Nature Conservation and Nature-Based Tourism: A Paradox?

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle D. Wolf ◽  
David B. Croft ◽  
Ronda J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
The World ◽  
Visitor Impacts ◽  
Wildlife Viewing

Throughout the world, areas have been reserved for their exceptional environmental values, such as high biodiversity. Financial, political and community support for these protected areas is often dependent on visitation by nature-based tourists. This visitation inevitably creates environmental impacts, such as the construction and maintenance of roads, tracks and trails; trampling of vegetation and erosion of soils; and propagation of disturbance of resilient species, such as weeds. This creates tension between the conservation of environmental values and visitation. This review examines some of the main features of environmental impacts by nature-based tourists through a discussion of observational and manipulative studies. It explores the disturbance context and unravels the management implications of detecting impacts and understanding their causes. Regulation of access to visitor areas is a typical management response, qualified by the mode of access (e.g., vehicular, ambulatory). Managing access and associated impacts are reviewed in relation to roads, tracks and trails; wildlife viewing; and accommodations. Responses to visitor impacts, such as environmental education and sustainable tour experiences are explored. The review concludes with ten recommendations for further research in order to better resolve the tension between nature conservation and nature-based tourism.

scholarly journals Marine nature conservation and conflicts with fisheries

AMBIO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1328-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Grip ◽  
Sven Blomqvist
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Marine Spatial Planning ◽  
Management Tools

AbstractGlobally, conflicts between marine nature conservation and fishery interests are common and increasing, and there is often a glaring lack of dialogue between stakeholders representing these two interests. There is a need for a stronger and enforced coordination between fishing and conservation authorities when establishing marine protected areas for conservation purposes. We propose that an appropriate instrument for such coordination is a broad ecosystem-based marine spatial planning procedure, representing neither nature conservation nor fishery. Strategic environmental assessment for plans and programmes and environmental impact assessment for projects are commonly used tools for assessing the environmental impacts of different human activities, but are seldom used for evaluating the environmental effects of capture fisheries. The diversity of fisheries and the drastic effects of some fisheries on the environment are strong arguments for introducing these procedures as valuable supplements to existing fisheries assessment and management tools and able to provide relevant environmental information for an overall marine spatial planning process. Marine protected areas for nature conservation and for protection of fisheries have different objectives. Therefore, the legal procedure when establishing marine protected areas should depend on whether they are established for nature conservation purposes or as a fisheries resource management tool. Fishing in a marine protected area for conservation purpose should be regulated according to conservation law. Also, we argue that marine protected areas for conservation purposes, in the highest protection category, should primarily be established as fully protected marine national parks and marine reserves.

scholarly journals IUCN, National Parks, and Protected Areas: Priorities for Action

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. McNeely ◽  
Kenton R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Human Habitat ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of

In order to ensure that the full range of species and natural ecosystems continue to form part of the human habitat, national parks and other types of protected areas must be better designed and managed than is usually the case at present. While IUCN has a long history of involvement in protected areas, often in cooperation with UNESCO, the World Wildlife Fund, and UNEP, the World National Parks Congress (held in Bali, Indonesia, during 11–22 October 1982) marked a major turning-point in promoting protected areas as part of the social and economic development process. In this approach, the Congress provided ways and means for the philosophy of the World Conservation Strategy (1980) to be put into action on the ground.

scholarly journals Overview of Nature Protection Progress in Kosovo

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeqir Veselaj ◽  
Behxhet Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Red List ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Conservation And Management

This paper presents an overview of progress in the area of nature conservation in the last decade in Kosovo. Two very important laws were promulgated in 2012 about two national parks: Bjeshket e Nemuna and Sharri National park. With this expansion, the protected area network that in 2003 was about 4.36 % of the territory was increased to 10.9%, reaching a satisfactory degree of protected areas and increasing the number of protected areas in a total of 116. While in terms of conservation of protected areas a significant progress has been achieved, stagnation is seen in the conservation of rare and threatened species of flora and fauna. Although envisaged by legislation, the Red List of Kosovo of rare and threatened species has not been adopted yet. Also, there is a small progress in the implementation of practical conservation and management measures contained in the legislation.

scholarly journals Gesundheit durch Naturschutz? (Essay) | Good health through nature conservation? (Essay)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kistemann
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
The People

Nature conservation needs to find acceptance by the population. That is why it is suggested that specialists in nature protection seek strategic alliances with suitable partners. Cooperation with the health sector would provide a solution. Health is a theme with a positive echo and nature and its preservation are important for health. In Germany, with this in the background and with the help of a survey amongst experts, existing and potential common fields of action in the spheres of health and nature conservation were identified. In a research project leading on from this the actual alliances between the two fields of action were investigated in three national parks. In the survey amongst experts, key people from interdisciplinary fields (environment and health, town and regional development) in particular were open-minded about the question of potential synergies, though those concerned with health were more optimistic than representatives from nature conservation. In the three national parks, the people concerned were also receptive to the theme. However, people from the central fields of health or nature conservation are not in the front line when it comes to putting this into practice, but rather those responsible for the management of national parks together with the tourist branch, those concerned with management of health cures, and environmental educationalists. Nature conservation is being offered the opportunity to form an alliance with the sphere of health and thereby to profit from the positive image that the latter carries. However, considerable efforts are yet required, both at national and at regional levels.

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