scholarly journals INCREASING RAPE SEED YIELDS BY THE WAY OF HETEROSIS SELECTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. D. Syrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Heterosis Effect ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Way

Usage of heterosis effect in rapeseed became possible after plenty experiments which proved existence of the significant heterosis. A level of heterosis in spring rapeseed hybrids varied from 20 to 50 %, in winter rapeseed hybrids – from 20 to 80 %. A meaning of heterosis in rapeseed depended on the estimation methods, environments, gene pool diversity. Scientists do their best to create alternative gene pools using in part method of rapeseed resynthesis.

Maize on the Move: The Diffusion of a Tropical Cultivar across Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Galesi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Columbian Exchange ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Way

This article examines the transfer and reception of maize into Europe in the wake of the Columbian Exchange. Treating maize as a plant – and reviewing familiar historical sources through the lens of the plant’s likes and dislikes, its requirements and inherent traits – provides us with a novel source of information about how maize might have moved through European spaces, even in cases where the traditional historical record is silent. This article will make use of such data, employing current genetic research to interpret art and textual sources. I will show that all maize originally transported to Europe hailed from one slim gene pool. I will argue that the unique characteristics of those seeds impacted on the way maize fit into European ecosystems, and consequently into European cultures.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding collection in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Savic ◽  
Milka Brdar-Jokanovic ◽  
Miodrag Dimitrijevic ◽  
Sofija Petrovic ◽  
Milan Zdravkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Novi Sad

The characterization of 41 common bean cultivars and landraces from breeding collection of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, was done based on phenotypic traits and microsatellite markers. Phenotypic traits were chosen from Bioversity International descriptor list. In addition, main yield components were investigated. Analysis of phaseolin type revealed affiliation of cultivars and landraces to Mesoamerican or Andean gene pool. Cultivars and landraces demonstrated significant diversity level with regard to studied phenotypic traits. Identified variation showed high potential for developing new cultivars with desirable combination of traits. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic traits separated bean cultivars and landraces in two groups, which corresponded to Mesoamerican and Andean determined according to phaseolin type. Putative hybrids, with combination of traits between gene pools were also identified. Analysis of microsatellite data, using twenty-two SSR primer pairs, showed medium gene diversity in studied material. Microsatellite-based cluster analysis separated genotypes in two discrete clusters and several subclusters. No clear separation according to gene pool was found between the clusters, however grouping according to gene pool and patterns of phenotypic variation, following these gene pools, were observed within subclusters. Knowledge on detailed relationships of cultivars and landraces based on phenotypic and molecular data would facilitate identification of candidates for future breeding.

The genetic make-up of the European landraces of the common bean

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Angioi ◽  
D. Rau ◽  
L. Nanni ◽  
E. Bellucci ◽  
R. Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Chloroplast Microsatellites ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Mesoamerican Gene Pool ◽  
Hybridization Event ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Andean Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
African Sample

Here, we present a brief overview of the main studies conducted on the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Europe and other countries outside its centres of origin. We focus on the proportions of the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools, and on the inter-gene pool hybridization events. In Europe, for chloroplast microsatellites, 67% of European germplasm is of Andean origin. Within Europe, interesting trends have been seen; indeed, the majority of the Andean type is found in the three macro-areas of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and central-northern Europe, while, in eastern and south-eastern Europe, the proportion of the Mesoamerican type increased. On a local scale, the contribution of the Mesoamerican type is always low. On other continents, various situations are seen using different markers: in China and Brazil, the Mesoamerican gene pool prevails, while in an African sample, overall, both gene pools are equally represented, with differences in individual countries. The frequency of European bean genotypes deriving from at least one hybridization event was 44% with an uneven distribution. Interestingly, hybrids tend to have intermediate seed size in comparison with ‘pure’ Andean or Mesoamerican types. On other continents, very few hybrids are found, probably because of the different marker systems used.

Genetic diversity of Colombian landraces of common bean as detected through the use of silver-stained and fluorescently labelled microsatellites

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 86-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M. Díaz ◽  
Héctor F. Buendía ◽  
Myriam C. Duque ◽  
Matthew W. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Silver Stain ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Fluorescent Markers

Colombia, situated at the northern end of the Andes mountains of South America and in proximity to Central America, is an important centre of diversity for common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) that has a mix of cultivated germplasm from both major gene pools (Andean and Mesoamerican) for the species. Microsatellites are a useful marker system for analyzing genetic diversity of this crop and can be analyzed with manual (silver-stain) or automated (ABI) detection systems and using unlabelled or fluorescently labelled markers, respectively. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the genetic diversity of 92 Colombian landraces and gene pool controls with 36 fluorescent and 30 non-fluorescent microsatellite markers and to determine the extent of introgression between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools for this germplasm. A comparison of fluorescentversusnon-fluorescent marker systems was performed with 14 loci, which were evaluated with both methods; the fluorescent markers were found to be more precise than the non-fluorescent markers in determining population structure. A combined analysis of 52 microsatellites using the 36 fluorescent markers and 16 non-overlapping, silver-stained markers produced an accurate population structure for the Andean gene pool that separated race Nueva Granada and race Peru genotypes and clearly identified introgression between these races and the gene pools. The results of this research are important for the application of microsatellite markers to diversity analysis in common bean and for the conservation of landraces in Colombia and neighbouring countries of Latin America, where similar germplasm exists and where gene pool or race mixtures also occur.

Cold and freeze stress at flowering Effects on seed yields in winter rapeseed

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lardon ◽  
A.M. Triboi-Blondel
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Stress ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Seed Yields

RFLP diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in its centres of origin

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana L. Becerra Velasquez ◽  
Paul Gepts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Eighty-five wild and cultivated accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), representing a wide geographic area in the centres of domestication were tested for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Genomic DNA was digested with one of three restriction enzymes (EcoRI, EcoRV, and HindIII) and hybridized to 12 probes distributed throughout the common bean genome. Accessions could be classified into two major groups with a distinct geographical distribution in Middle America and the Andes. Within each gene pool, cultivated accessions clustered together with wild forms from the same geographical area supporting the multiple domestications hypothesis for this crop. Estimates of Nei's genetic distances among the cultivated races from the two different gene pools varied from 0.12 to 0.56 and among races from the same gene pool from 0.04 to 0.12, suggesting that the divergence in Phaseolus vulgaris has reached the subspecies level. The level of genetic diversity (Ht = 0.38) was twice the value obtained with isozyme analysis. Genetic diversity within races (Hs = 0.27) was four to five times higher compared with isozymes, but genetic diversity between races (Dst = 0.11) was similar for both categories of markers. These results corroborate previous studies on the characterization of genetic diversity in common bean that clearly showed two distinct gene pools, Middle American and Andean. Moreover, RFLP markers are superior to isozymes because they provide better coverage of the genome and reveal higher level of polymorphisms.Key words: common bean, restriction fragment length polymorphism, domestication, genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Results of a Fertilization Experiment Performed with Sulphur on Rape Seed Plants

2004 ◽  
pp. 116-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Zsombikné Puy ◽  
Jánosné Borbély ◽  
Zoltán Győri
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Sulphur Fertilizer ◽  
Rapeseed Production ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Sown Area ◽  
Different Doses

The sulphur fertilizing experiment was introduced in the cropping year of 2001/2002, with winter rapeseed. The experiment was performed on a farm in Magyarhomorog, Hajdú-Bihar County. By selecting the location for the experiment, we had to consider the effect of the hard winter that was very unfavourable for rapeseed production, as there was serious frost damage on the sown area previously used for the experiment. In the arable land experiment, results of three different doses of treatment were compared in two replicates, on meadow soil. FitoHorm 32 S solution was used as a sulphur fertilizer, in doses of 3, 6 and 10 l/ha. Evaluating the results, we tried to find a correlation between the amount of fertilizer and the amount of seed-crop or the oil content of the seed. The nitrogen and sulphur contents of the samples were determined using classical methods and an Elementar VarioMax analyser. By this way, it was possible to examine not only the role of Sulphur in rapeseed production, but also to compare and evaluate results obtained by Kjeldahl and the modern, environmentally-friendly combustion method.

scholarly journals The five Urochola spp. used in development of tropical forage cultivars originate from defined subpopulations with differentiated gene pools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Higgins ◽  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Till K Pellny ◽  
Valheria Castiblanco ◽  
Jacobo Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Centre Of Origin ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
The Tropics

Background and Aims: Urochola (syn. Brachiaria, and including some Panicum and Megathyrus) is a genus of tropical and subtropical grasses widely sown as forage to feed ruminants in the tropics. A better understanding of the diversity among Urochola spp. allow us to leverage its varying ploidy levels and genome composition to accelerate its improvement, following the example from other crop genera. Methods: We explored the genetic make-up and population structure in 111 accessions, which comprise the five Urochola species used for the development of commercial cultivars. These accessions are conserved from wild materials from collection sites at their centre of origin in Africa. We used RNA-seq, averaging 40M reads per accession, to generate 1,167,542 stringently selected SNP markers that tentatively encompassed the complete Urochola gene pool used in breeding. Key Results: We identified ten subpopulations, which had no relation with geographical origin and represented ten independent gene pools, and two groups of admixed accessions. Our results support a division in U. decumbens by ploidy, with a diploid subpopulation closely related to U. ruziziensis, and a tetraploid subpopulation closely related to U. brizantha. We observed highly differentiated gene pools in U. brizantha, which were not related with origin or ploidy. Particularly, one U. brizantha subpopulation clustered distant from the other U. brizantha and U. decumbens subpopulations, so likely containing unexplored alleles. We also identified a well-supported subpopulation containing both polyploid U. decumbens and U. brizantha accessions; this was the only group containing more than one species and tentatively constitutes an independent "mixed" gene pool for both species. We observed two gene pools in U. humidicola. One subpopulation, "humidicola-2", was much less common but likely includes the only known sexual accession in the species. Conclusions: Our results offered a definitive picture of the available diversity in Urochola to inform breeding and resolve questions raised by previous studies. It also allowed us identifying prospective founders to enrich the breeding gene pool and to develop genotyping and genotype-phenotype association mapping experiments.

scholarly journals The Cost and The Economic Effectiveness Analysis of the Winter Rape Production Technologies (Brassica Napus L. SSP. Oleifera) on Heavy Soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-165
Author(s):  
Ladislav Kováč ◽  
Jana Jakubová ◽  
Dana Kotorová
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Rape Seed ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Seed Yields

The Cost and The Economic Effectiveness Analysis of the Winter Rape Production Technologies (Brassica Napus L. SSP. Oleifera) on Heavy Soils Winter rape farming practices were carried out between 2007 and 2009 on heavy soils under the conditions of the East Slovak Lowland. The influence of two levels of nitrogen fertilizers and three soil tillage technologies on winter rape seed yields was monitored. The costs of growing and the growing technology cost effectiveness were evaluated. The influence of production year 2009 on winter rape seed yield was statistically significant. The effect of conventional tillage variant on rape seed yields was more significant compared with the variant with minimum tillage. The lowest yield of oilseed rape was obtained in a non-tillage variant. Higher dose of nitrogen fertilizers had higher statistically significant effect on winter rape yield compared with lower dose of nitrogen fertilizers.The total cost of one ton of winter rape seed varied within the monitored years, different soil tillage technologies and levels of fertilization. In average of monitored years, the lowest costs of winter rape seed production were at minimum tillage (258.37 € t-1 for variant N150; 259.81 € t-1 for variant N200). At direct sowing, the costs were 400.14 € (variant N150), and 372.41 € (variant N200), however, the yields were very low.Economic effectiveness evaluation showed that the winter rape produced by direct sowing was unprofitable, either with or without subsidy. The highest economic effectiveness was achieved at the minimum tillage variant. This variant was profitable even without subsidies, using both fertilization levels, but it was more profitable at the lower level of nitrogen fertilization. The profitability of conventional tillage variant was smaller.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of ural populations of Larix sibirica Ledeb. on the base of analysis of nucleotide polymorphism

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Vasilyeva ◽  
A. A. Zhulanov ◽  
S. V. Boronnikova ◽  
Yu. A. Yanbaev
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Larix Sibirica ◽  
Fixation Index ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Key Species

AbstractResearch on the state and dynamics of the gene pool (an important natural resource that determines the potential fitness of living organisms and, ultimately, their long-term survival) becomes an important problem in the context of increased anthropogenic environmental impact. They are especially important for key species of ecosystems of a global scale importance. Larix sibirica Ledeb., which spreads from the Western Siberia to the Russian North-West, is one of such forest tree species. We identified patterns of genetic structure of populations on the example of the species’ Western race on the Middle and Northern Urals. The analysis of nucleotide polymorphism of genes of ABA-inducible protein, MADS-box-transcription factor and of 4-kumarat: CoA ligase (a part of the gene) was used as a method. Evidences were obtained that a part of the populations previously formed a single large population. At the same time, populations with different gene pools were found. As a result, differences between populations within the region were more pronounced (fixation index FST = -0.021 – 0.260, total haplotype diversity Hd = 0.636 – 0.911; nucleotide diversity π = 0.005 – 0.009; number of mutations θW = 0.005 – 0.012) than in other parts of the race. Causes of this phenomenon are discussed. It was concluded that the larch forests with a unique gene pool and/or high genetic diversity should be objects of population-oriented forestry and conservation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document