Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Tulbaghia violacea

Tulbaghia violacea has been used extensively in South African traditional medicine for treatment of a number of ailments. Few studies have examined the bioactive compounds present in the plant. This study assessed the phytochemicals present in the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea. The phytochemicals were extracted separately with distilled water and 70% ethanol by maceration. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and coumarins were present in some of the T. violacea plant parts. However, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and anthocyanins were absent in the plant. This study showed that most of the phytocompounds were present in the leaves of T. violacea compared to the stem and roots. This is significant for conserving the species since the leaves of the plant can be harvested for medicinal use while the rest of the plant is left intact for regeneration of the plant. This study also showed that the two solvents extracted different amounts and types of phytochemicals from the different parts of the plant suggesting that a single solvent may not be able to extract all the known bioactive compounds from a plant.

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Anticancer Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds from Solanaceae: An Update

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13194989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 4989

Author(s):

David O. Nkwe ◽

Bonolo Lotshwao ◽

Gaolathe Rantong ◽

James Matshwele ◽

Tebogo E. Kwape ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Food Plants ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Pharmacologically Active Compounds

Plants continue to provide unlimited pharmacologically active compounds that can treat various illnesses, including cancer. The Solanaceae family, besides providing economically important food plants, such as potatoes and tomatoes, has been exploited extensively in folk medicine, as it provides an array of bioactive compounds. Many studies have demonstrated the anticancer potency of some of the compounds, but the corresponding molecular targets are not well defined. However, advances in molecular cell biology and in silico modelling have made it possible to dissect some of the underlying mechanisms. By reviewing the literature over the last five years, we provide an update on anticancer mechanisms associated with phytochemicals isolated from species in the Solanaceae plant family. These mechanisms are conveniently grouped into cell cycle arrest, transcription regulation, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of signalling pathways, suppression of metabolic enzymes, and membrane disruption. The majority of the bioactive compounds exert their antiproliferative effects by inhibiting diverse signalling pathways, as well as arresting the cell cycle. Furthermore, some of the phytochemicals are effective against more than one cancer type. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms provides paths for future formulation of novel anticancer drugs, as well as highlighting potential areas of research.

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Herbology, Antibacterial and Antihaemorrhagic Effect of Allium sativum Linn (Lilliaceae) Extracts against Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens

Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/ajarr/2021/v15i130353 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10-18

Author(s):

Kokori Bajeh Tijani ◽

Abdullahi Attah Alfa ◽

O. D. Omotoso ◽

Yahaya Junaidu ◽

Umar Sabdat Unoyiza

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Cardiac Glycosides ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Neurologic Disorders ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Ethnomedicinal Uses

Bacterial Meningitis pathogen (BMP) causes cellular hemorrhagic sepsis, metabolic, endocrine and neurologic disorders in human systems. This burden of the disease is highest in the developing countries and especially in the immunity compromised rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The A. sativum bulb extracts (JEAS, EEAS and AEAS) contain valuable pharmacologically active principles for antihaemorrhagic and antibacterial properties against bacterial meningitis pathogens. It extracts were evaluated in Wistar rats to provide scientific basis for ethnomedicinal uses. The phytochemical screening was conducted using standard method prescribed. Anti-haemorrhagic activity was evaluated using sterilized blade lancet to cut 2mm long and 2mm deep in the rat groin model. The coagulative effects of time were significantly at P<0.05 reduced by the bulb extracts applied as compared to that of the control. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. The result of this study revealed that A. sativum bulb extracts possessed good secondary metabolites with bioactive principles, biological and pharmacological functions. This provide scientific basis for the plant in the management of haemorrhagic sepsis and infectious disease.

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Preliminary phytochemical screening of Iris kashmiriana Baker collected from Budgam, Kashmir, India

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2272 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1-s) ◽

pp. 121-124

Author(s):

Saeema JouFarooqnal ◽

Roohi Mohi-ud-din ◽

Zulfiqar Ali Bhat

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Cardiac Glycosides ◽

Rich Source ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Isolation And Characterization

The present study was intended to discover the preliminary phytochemicals of Iris kashmiriana Baker collected from Kashmir region, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted in methanolic and aqueous extracts which showed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, diterpenes, cardiac glycosides. Among the various phytochemicals studied, alkaloids and proteins were found to be absent in both methanolic and aqueous extracts. From the results, it was noted that the extracts of Iris kashmiriana Baker was found to be a rich source of variety of active secondary metabolites. This report will lead to the further isolation and characterization of these active secondary metabolites for bioefficacy and bioactivity. Keywords: Phytochemical, Bioactive compounds, Iris kashmiriana, Mazar mund, Kashmir.

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Phytochemical screening for identification of bioactive compounds of Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) responsible for larvicidal action against Aedes triseriatus Say, 1823 (Diptera : Culicidae)

ENTOMON ◽

10.33307/entomon.v44i2.438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 117-126

Author(s):

Rhitayu Chakraborti ◽

Probir Kumar Bandyopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Lantana Camara ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Aedes Triseriatus ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Lc50 Value

Study to assess the larvicidal property of Lantana camara leaves against Aedes triseriatus larvae found that the ethyl acetate extract had profound larvicidal action with the crude extract having a LC50 value of 409.831ppm. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract confirmed the presence of twenty-one compounds out of which beta-caryophyllene covered the highest percentage of the chromatogram area. Further tests with beta-caryophyllene against the mosquito larvae proved it to be the active ingredient of L. Camara with a LC50 value of 104.243ppm.

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Pharmacognostical and pharmacological activity of Justicia gendarussa burm.f.: a comprehensive review

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 3384-3390

Author(s):

Ashish ◽

Anjali ◽

Dixit Praveen K ◽

Nagarajan K ◽

Sahoo Jagannath

Keyword(s):

Pharmacological Activity ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Biological Action ◽

Andaman Islands ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Different Parts

Justicia gendarussa Burm .f. (family Acanthaceae) which is also known as willow-leaves and commonly known as Nili-Nirgundi, it is very commonly found nearby to China and its availability is very common in larger parts of India and Andaman islands. Traditionally it is used to treat various sorts of disorders such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiproliferative, anti-arthritic etc. Justicia gendarussa is one of the crucial herbs which has been used in the Ayurveda. Majorly leaves parts of the plant shows the pharmacological activity but the root of the plant Justicia gendarussa is also have the important medicinal values. A large variety of pharmacologically active constituents i.e., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenoids, carotenoids, aminoacids, tannins, phenolics, coumarines and anthaquinones are also present in this plant and they makes the plant pharmacologically important. The activity of the plant is also dependent on the solvent which is used for the extraction the various vital chemical constituents. The different- different parts of the plants having the different medicinal values also differ in the chemical values. This review is not only focused on the essential phytochemical constituents which is available in the plant but it also explains their necessary medicinal value to shows the essential biological action and phytopharmacological actions of various parts of the plant.

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Podophyllotoxin: History, Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11040603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 603

Author(s):

Zinnia Shah ◽

Umar Farooq Gohar ◽

Iffat Jamshed ◽

Aamir Mushtaq ◽

Hamid Mukhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structure Optimization ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Chemotherapeutic Drug ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Almost All ◽

Pharmacologically Active Compounds ◽

Synthetic Derivatives ◽

Related Compounds

Podophyllotoxin, along with its various derivatives and congeners are widely recognized as broad-spectrum pharmacologically active compounds. Etoposide, for instance, is the frontline chemotherapeutic drug used against various cancers due to its superior anticancer activity. It has recently been redeveloped for the purpose of treating cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. Podophyllotoxin and its naturally occurring congeners have low bioavailability and almost all these initially discovered compounds cause systemic toxicity and development of drug resistance. Moreover, the production of synthetic derivatives that could suffice for the clinical limitations of these naturally occurring compounds is not economically feasible. These challenges demanded continuous devotions towards improving the druggability of these drugs and continue to seek structure-optimization strategies. The discovery of renewable sources including microbial origin for podophyllotoxin is another possible approach. This review focuses on the exigency of innovation and research required in the global R&D and pharmaceutical industry for podophyllotoxin and related compounds based on recent scientific findings and market predictions.

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Development of A Continuous Fluorescence-Based Assay for N-Terminal Acetyltransferase D

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 594

Author(s):

Yi-Hsun Ho ◽

Lan Chen ◽

Rong Huang

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Progression ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Coenzyme A ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Histone H4 ◽

Fluorescent Signal ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Pharmacologically Active Compounds

N-terminal acetylation catalyzed by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) has various biological functions in protein regulation. N-terminal acetyltransferase D (NatD) is one of the most specific NAT with only histone H4 and H2A proteins as the known substrates. Dysregulation of NatD has been implicated in colorectal and lung cancer progression, implying its therapeutic potential in cancers. However, there is no reported inhibitor for NatD yet. To facilitate the discovery of small-molecule NatD inhibitors, we report the development of a fluorescence-based acetyltransferase assay in 384-well high-throughput screening (HTS) format through monitoring the formation of coenzyme A. The fluorescent signal is generated from the adduct in the reaction between coenzyme A and fluorescent probe ThioGlo4. The assay exhibited a Z′-factor of 0.77 and a coefficient of variation of 6%, indicating it is a robust assay for HTS. A pilot screen of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds and subsequent validation identified two hits, confirming the application of this fluorescence assay in HTS.

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Marine-Derived Compounds with Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Activities

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19080410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 410

Author(s):

Salar Hafez Ghoran ◽

Anake Kijjoa

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Thinking Skills ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Brain Disorder ◽

Brain Functioning ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Pharmacologically Active Compounds

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and, eventually, the ability to perform simple tasks. As the aging population continues to increase exponentially, AD has become a big concern for society. Therefore, neuroprotective compounds are in the spotlight, as a means to tackle this problem. On the other hand, since it is believed—in many cultures—that marine organisms in an individual diet cannot only improve brain functioning, but also slow down its dysfunction, many researchers have focused on identifying neuroprotective compounds from marine resources. The fact that the marine environment is a rich source of structurally unique and biologically and pharmacologically active compounds, with unprecedented mechanisms of action, marine macroorganisms, such as tunicates, corals, sponges, algae, as well as microorganisms, such as marine-derived bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, have been the target sources of these compounds. Therefore, this literature review summarizes and categorizes various classes of marine-derived compounds that are able to inhibit key enzymes involved in AD, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase (BACE-1), and different kinases, together with the related pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The compounds discussed herein are emerging as promising anti-AD activities for further in-depth in vitro and in vivo investigations, to gain more insight of their mechanisms of action and for the development of potential anti-AD drug leads.

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