scholarly journals A potential new brainstem reflex: The oculoglossal phenomenon

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bafaquh ◽  
Abdullah Bahmaid ◽  
Othman T. Almutairi ◽  
Gmaan Alzhrani ◽  
Arwa S. AlShamekh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Involuntary Movement ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
Single Patient ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Medical City

Background: A synchronized involuntary movement of the tongue to the same side as voluntary movements of the eyes, termed the oculoglossal phenomenon, has been observed. A description of the hypothesized pathway of this phenomenon could guide the development of a rapid clinical evaluation of the long segment of the brainstem and help facilitate further studies to establish a new reflex, if possible. The aim of this study is to describe and propose the simple concept of this pathway/phenomenon, the oculoglossal phenomenon. Methods: This is an observational study. Of a newly observe brainstem phenomenon evaluated on a subject at the National Neuroscience Institute in king Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After being observed incidentally in a single patient, 60 participants were tested between January and March 2020 to confirm the presence of the phenomenon. Each subject was instructed to protrude the tongue and then move their eyes horizontally to the side. If the tongue simultaneously and involuntarily moved to the same side as the eyes, the test was deemed confirmatory. A literature review was performed, and possible anatomical pathway was proposed. Results: The oculoglossal reflex was present in most (50/60, 83.3%) of the subjects. Our proposed pathway begins at the frontal cortex, followed by a projection to the paramedian pontine reticular formation, then to the contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus and bilaterally to the hypoglossal nuclei. Conclusion: An accurate description of this phenomenon could lead to additional studies and possibly establishing it as a legitimate reflex, thus conceivably adding a new tool in the neurological examination to evaluate the brainstem’s integrity.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Classical eight-and-a-Half Syndrome and Etiology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Duo Fan
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Pontine Reticular Formation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Perforator Arteries

Eight-and-a-half syndrome is one-and-a-half syndrome plus ipsilateral seventh (facial) cranial nerve palsy, which was first reported by Eggenberger in 1998. This syndrome is caused by a lesion (most often vascular or demyelinating) in the dorsal tegmentum of the caudal pons. It involves the para pontine reticular formation and the medial longitudinal fasciculus, as well as the nucleus and the fasciculus of the facial nerve. We describe a case of a 56-year-old man presented with eight-and-a-half syndrome. We also discuss the vascular pathology and etiology of this syndrome through the literature review. Most eight-and-a-half syndrome cases are caused by occlusions of the perforating branches of the pons. The pathology can be transparent lipid-like changes at the perforator arteries. It can also be thrombosis at the orifice of the main or perforator arteries. BAH could be a very important factor in perforator artery infarction at the pontine. The etiology is closely related to hyperglycemia. An effective intervention is to avoid bad habits and control the hyperglycemia.

scholarly journals Using Games as a Tool in Teaching Vocabulary to Young Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Ameer Bakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Practical Implications

<p>Over the last few decades, teaching English become a phenomenon in Saudi Arabia, especially to young learners. English is taught as a main subject in kindergarten and elementary schools. Like any other children, Saudis accept new foreign languages easily, but they get bored very fast if the teacher is teaching them using the old conventional methods and techniques. The aim of this paper is to prove that games are effective tools when devised to explain vocabularies and they make it easier to remember their meanings. This paper deals with a literature review of teaching English vocabulary to young learners using games. Then it discusses the importance of using games in teaching vocabulary and in what way using them is helpful. After that it investigates the practical implications of using games to teach vocabulary that includes the implementation of vocabulary games and some examples of games that could be used to teach vocabulary to children. And finally it examines challenges teachers face when teaching vocabulary using games to young learners.</p>

scholarly journals Gejala Klinis dan Pemeriksaan Penunjang pada Neonatus Terinfeksi COVID-19

e-CliniC ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Rampengan ◽  
Johnny Rompis ◽  
Valentine Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Laboratory Examinations

Abstract: COVID-19 is spreading at an extremely rapid rate and can affect all age groups, albeit, information about clinical symptoms and laboratory examinations of COVID-19 I in neonates is still quite limited. This study was aimed to determine the clinical symptoms, radiographic examinations especially CT-scans, and laboratory tests that could appear in neonates suffering from COVID-19. This was a literature review study using three databases, namely Pubmed, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were Covid-19 / SARS-CoV-2 AND Neonatus AND sign and symptoms AND laboratory. The selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, obtained 15 case report studies, three retrospective studies, one observational study, and one cohort study. The review revealed that the most frequent clinical features that appeared were fever (54.8%), dyspnoea (35.4%), and cough (29%). Meanwhile, for CT-Scan radiographs, there were 14 of 31 neonates (45.2%) did not show any abnormalities or normal. The most frequent abnormal image was ground glass opacity (GGO) (29%). Among laboratory examinations, lymphopenia was the most common abnormality (32.2%). Moreover, leukocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased PCT, AST, etc. could also occur. Of all the reviewed literatures, there were no death cases of neonates died due to COVID-19. In conclusion, fever, dyspnea, cough, and lymphopenia are the most common findings as well as GGO in the CT-Scan radiograph.Keywords: COVID-19, neonates Abstrak: COVID-19 menyebar dengan sangat pesat dan dapat menjangkiti semua kelompok usia namun informasi mengenai gejala klinis dan pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap kelompok neonatus masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran klinis, pemeriksaan radiografi khususnya CT-Scan, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium yang bisa muncul pada neonatus dengan COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review dengan pencarian data menggunakan tiga database yaitu Pubmed, Clinical Key, dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu Covid-19/ SARS-CoV-2 AND Neonatus AND sign and symptom AND laboratory. Hasil seleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi mendapatkan 15 penelitian case report, tiga retrospective study, satu observational study, dan satu cohort study. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa gambaran klinis yang paling sering muncul ialah demam (54,8%), sesak (35,4%), dan batuk (29%). Pemeriksaan radiografi CT-Scan, neonatus yang tidak menunjukkan kelainan (normal) terdapat pada 14 dari 31 neonatus diamati (45,2%), sedangkan kelainan yang sering muncul ialah ground glass opacity/GGO (29%). Pada pemeriksaan laboratorium, limfopenia merupakan kelainan tersering (32,2%), sedangkan leukositosis, leukopenia, trombositopenia, peningkatan PCT, AST, dll juga bisa terjadi. Dari semua literatur yang dikaji, tidak ditemukan kasus kematian neonatus akibat COVID-19. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah gambaran klinis yang paling sering muncul pada neonatus ialah demam, sesak, dan batuk, limfopenia, dan GGO pada CT-Scan.Kata kunci: COVID-19, neonatus

scholarly journals Measurement of Parents’ Knowledge toward Oral Health of their Children: An Observational Study from Hail, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar A Siddiqui ◽  
Freah Alshammary ◽  
Faisal A Aljohani ◽  
Fahad S Alkhuwayr
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Observational Study

scholarly journals Recent trends of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among saudi population in Riyadh city

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatmah Said Abdullah Al Qahtany
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
G6pd Deficiency ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
King Saud University ◽  
Riyadh City ◽  
Medical City

G6PD deficiency is associated with erythrocyte deficiency in the X-chromosome enzyme. It causes a hematologic syndrome called hemolytic anemia that connects G6PD deficiency with X-linked condition. In the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, G6PD deficiency is the most dominant genetic blood disorders. It results in higher rates of mortality and morbidity due to its incurable long-lasting nature and prevalence of physical and psychological incapacities. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among the Saudi population in Riyadh city. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The population of the study comprised randomly chosen males and females who visited the hospital from January 2017 to January 2018. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, and descriptive analysis was used to find the frequency of G6PD-deficient patients. Out of the 209 patients, 62.2% were males (n=130) and 37.8% were females (n=79). Twenty males and 6 females were found to have G6PD deficiency, with the male to female ratio being 1:3. Out of the total 130 male participants, 20 patients were found to be enzyme deficient and 6 patients of 79 female patients were found to be G6PD deficient. There were 38.4% (n=10) patients with G6PD level <4 units/gram hemoglobin, 26.9% (n=7) patients had G6PD levels of 4.1–7.0 units/gram hemoglobin, and 34.6% (n=9) patients had >7 units/gram hemoglobin. Among the G6PD patients, 23.07% patients were severely anemic, and 5 (19.2%) patients were reported to have high bilirubin. The present study revealed the G6PD prevalence to be 12.4% among the Saudi population; this value is significantly higher than that found in France, Spain, India, and Singapore. In the Saudi population, males are more vulnerable to G6PD-deficient than females. Hence, attention should be paid to G6PD-deficient patients while prescribing antimalarial medication. Such patients may be advised to avoid certain foods to minimize the risk of having hemolytic episodes.

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