scholarly journals RITUAL PITS AT THE MIDDLE DON SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-260
Author(s):  
Ю.Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Products ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
New Information ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Votive Offerings

На городищах и селищах скифоидной культуры, существовавших в VIIII вв. до н. э. в лесостепной части бассейна Дона, фактически не были известны сооружения культового назначения. Для выявления таковых были проанализированы имеющиеся поселенческие материалы. Оказалось, что не менее 16 ям, открытых на шести памятниках и считавшихся хозяйственными, необходимо интерпретировать как ритуальные комплексы. Основанием для этого послужили специфичные находки и стратиграфия. Семь ям содержали человеческие кости вместе с костями животных и фрагментами керамики. В другие в качестве вотивных приношений были помещены наконечники стрел и копья, орудия труда, глиняные поделки и сосуды, нередко преднамеренно разбитые. Есть немногочисленные ритуальные захоронения собак. Как правило, в ямах имеются следы костров или продукты горения. Более половины сооружений найдены на Семилукском городище. Они, несомненно, были связаны с размещавшимися там же массовыми захоронениями. С выделением серии культовых комплексов появилась совершенно новая информация о сакральной сфере жизни оседлого населения региона. In reality, religious constructions have not been found at Scythoid hillforts and unfortified settlements in the forest-steppe belt of the Don basin. Settlement materials were analyzed to identify such constructions. The analysis demonstrated that at least 16 pits (Figs. 1-3) discovered at six sites that were considered to be of household character are to be interpreted as ritual complexes. Specific finds and stratigraphy were used to justify this conclusion. Seven pits contained human bones along with animal bones and ceramic fragments. Arrowheads and spearheads, implements, clay objects and vessels which were, in many cases, deliberately broken (Figs. 4; 5) were placed into some pits as votive offerings. There are some ritual burials of dogs that are few in number. Pits tend to show traces of fire or combustion products. More than half of such constructions were found at Semiluki. They are definitely associated with mass burials located at this settlement. Now that a series of religious complexes has been singled out, we have absolutely new information on sacral life of the sedentary population living in this region

scholarly journals IN-GROUND CEMETERY OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD NEAR THE VILLAGE OF KSIZOVO IN THE UPPER DON REGION (NEW DATA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Ю. Д. Разуваев
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
Spindle Whorls ◽  
Don River ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Village ◽  
Insight Into

Комплекс памятников конца V - III в. до н. э., расположенный на р. Дон у с. Ксизово в Задонском районе Липецкой обл., включает городище, селище и грунтовый могильник. В результате радиоуглеродного датирования и анализа вещевых находок к названным столетиям отнесено пять захоронений, ранее соотносимых с гуннским временем. В итоге стало известно 17 погребений скифской эпохи, включая два парных. В них по обряду ингумации и в сопровождении довольно скудного инвентаря (стрелы, браслеты, серьги, бусы, пряслица) были захоронены 9 мужчин, 9 женщин и ребенок. Данные бескурганные комплексы дают представление о погребальных традициях оседлого населения донской лесостепи. The studied group of sites dating to the end of 5 - 3 cc. BC is located on the Don river near the village of Ksizovo in the Zadonsk district, Lipetsk region. The group includes a fortified settlement, an unfortified settlement and an in-ground cemetery. The radiocarbon dating and analysis of the found artifacts refer the five graves earlier dated to the Hun period to the above-mentioned centuries. Today the number of the Scythian graves totals 17, including two double burials. Nine males, nine females and one child were buried in these graves performed according to the inhumation funerary rite with rather scarce funeral offerings (arrowheads, bracelets, pendants, beads, spindle whorls). These burial sites without kurgans give an insight into funerary traditions of the sedentary population inhabiting the Don forest-steppe belt.

scholarly journals REVISITING THE LIFE STYLE OF THE DON FOREST-STEPPE BELT POPULATION DURING THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD (THE CASE STUDY OF THE KSIZOVO-19 CEMETERY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
И. К. Решетова ◽  
М. В. Добровольская ◽  
А. Н. Меркулов
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
Very High

В статье рассмотрены палеоантропологические материалы грунтовых захоронений середины I тыс. до н. э., расположенных на территории Верхнего Дона. Находки получены в результате раскопок многослойного памятника Ксизово-19. Работы проводились Раннеславянской археологической экспедицией ИА РАН под руководством А. М. Обломского. Исследование антропологических коллекций проводилось по комплексной биоархеологической программе и позволило осветить ряд вопросов об образе жизни населения этой эпохи. Были проанализированы показатели уровня стрессов и физических нагрузок в рассматриваемой группе. Следует обратить внимание на очень высокий процент присутствия зубных патологий. При сравнении серий из грунтовых погребений и подкурганных захоронений выявлены различия в состоянии зубочелюстной системы и присутствие патологических состояний, фиксируемых на зубах в большей степени в группе из курганов. The paper provides an overview of paleoanthropological remnants from ground burials dating back to the mid I mill. BC located in the Upper Don region. The finds were obtained during excavations of the Ksizovo-19 multi-layer site. The excavations were carried out by the Early Slavic Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, RAS, led by A. M. Oblomskiy. The study of the anthropological assemblages was performed according to a comprehensive bioarchaeological program. This makes it possible to cover a number of issues regarding the life style of the population at that time. The stress level and physical activity in the studied group were analyzed. A very high percentage of dental pathologies should be noted. Comparison of series from the ground burials and the kurgans burials revealed differences in the conditions of the dentofacial systems and presence of a greater number of pathological conditions of the teeth in the kurgan series.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION MODELS OF IRONWORKING IN FOREST – STEPPE AND STEPPE SCYTHIA (BELSKOYE AND KAMENSKOYE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.И. Завьялов ◽  
Н.Н. Терехова
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
High Level

Скифский период время начала железного века в Восточной Европе, возникновения ремесленных центров. Наиболее яркими из них в лесостепной зоне является Бельское городище, в степной зоне Каменское городище. В результате археометаллографического исследования установлено, что технологический уровень развития железообработки в обоих центрах был высок. Но производственные модели существенно различались. На Бельском городище местное развитие кузнечного ремесла испытало воздействие высокоразвитого (вероятно, античного) производственного центра. На Каменском городище железообрабатывающее производство возникает под непосредственным влиянием кавказских производственных традиций. The Scythian period is the time of the Early Bronze Age in Eastern Europe and the emergence of craft centers. The Belskoye hillfort is the most impressive of such sites in the forest steppe belt, the same goes for the Kamenskoye fortified settlement located in the steppe belt. The archaeometallographic study found out that the technical level of ironworking development in the both centers had reached high level. However, production models differed substantially. Local blacksmith craft development at Belskoye was influenced by a highly developed (most likely, ancient Greek) production center. At Kamenskoye ironworking emerged under direct influence of Caucasian production traditions.

On a Distinctive Featureof the Andronovo (Fedorovka) Funerary Rites in the Baraba Forest-Steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
V. I. Molodin ◽  
M. S. Nesterova ◽  
L. S. Kobeleva
Keyword(s):  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Ash Layer ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
Ritual Activity ◽  
Funerary Rites ◽  
Burial Rite

This article summarizes the findings relating to a spatially localized group of graves at the Andronovo (Fedorovka) cemetery Tartas-1 in the Baraba forest-steppe. Several rows of graves combine with ash pits suggestive of ritual activity. In the infill of graves, there were ash lenses with mammal and fish bones, and potsherds with traces showing the signs of applied heat. Ash had been taken from nearby ash pits with similar infill and artifacts. Faunal remains from graves and ash pits (limb bones of cattle, sheep/goat, and horse) indicate sacrificial offerings. In the ash layer of grave No. 282, there was an incomplete human burial, also believed to be a sacrifice. Features such as the orientation of the graves, their alignment, the position of human remains, and the grave goods in that area are similar to the Andronovo (Fedorovka) burial practice and do not differ from those in other parts of the cemetery. No complete parallels to this rite have been revealed. Some similarities, such as the use of ash, and the presence of animal bones, sacrificial pits, etc. at other sites are listed. A reconstruction of the funerary sequence and possible interpretations are considered. It is concluded that those graves were left by a group of Andronovo migrants who maintained close ties with the native population. Unusual features of the burial rite, therefore, can reflect an attempt to consolidate the immigrant groups on the basis of traditional ritual practices, where the major role was played by fire and its symbols.

Archaeological Materials of Eneolithic Settlements in Forest-Steppe Zone of the Volga Region: A Source for Diet and Chronology

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1596
Author(s):  
A Korolev ◽  
M Kulkova M ◽  
V Platonov ◽  
N Roslyakova ◽  
A Shalapinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
First Time ◽  
Comprehensive Studies

ABSTRACTThe study the diet of Eneolithic populations is of great interest to archaeologists. However, the studies undertaken in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Volga region in Russia have left many issues unsolved. Data collected recently through the comprehensive studies of Lebyazhinka VI settlement enable us to change this situation. Of particular importance at this settlement site is good preservation of animal bones, bone fishing tools, and ceramics of the same type with food crusts and connected to a large house pit. For the first time in this geographical area, bones of domestic animals were found in the fill of a dwelling. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained through comprehensive studies of diet and economy in the Eneolithic based on the materials from Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlement sites. The main results of the archaeozoological analysis— determinations of species, age and size of the animals—provide the necessary data for studying the diet. We conclude that there are differences between Lebyazhinka III and Lebyazhinka VI settlements. Lebyazhinka III settlement included bones of only wild species, however, Lebyazhinka VI settlement consists of wild and domestic species.

scholarly journals PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY WITH FISHEYE LENS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LA SASSA CAVE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W9 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alessandri ◽  
V. Baiocchi ◽  
S. Del Pizzo ◽  
M. F. Rolfo ◽  
S. Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Fisheye Lens ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Double Frequency ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Global Reference Frame

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The survey of ancient cave can generally be performed by traditional topographic methods that allow also its georeferencing in a global reference frame; some difficulties may arise when there are narrow tunnels that do not consent the use of a total station or a terrestrial laser scanner. In such cases a visual-based approach can be used to produce, both the followed path and the 3D model of the hypogeal environment. A prompt photogrammetric survey has been used to reconstruct the morphology of the La Sassa Cave, situated in the municipality of Sonnino (Latina), in the lower Lazio region. In this cave, a very large quantity of Pleistocene animal bones was found, together with several fragments of Copper Age human bones and Bronze Age impasto potsherds.</p><p> The survey was carried out using a DSLR full frame camera Nikon D800E with a Nikkor 16<span class="thinspace"></span>mm fisheye lens pre-calibrated. During the acquisition, several targets were measured in order to contain the deformations model. The photogrammetric model has been georeferenced using 3 GCPs positioned outside the cave entrance where a double frequency GNSS receiver has acquired data in static session mode.</p>

scholarly journals PROBLEM OF FUNERAL RITES OF THE POPULATION OF SCYTHIAN AGE IN THE SEYM RIVER BASIN

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
O. O. Bilynskyi
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Skull Bone ◽  
Burial Practices ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
The Common ◽  
Burial Rite ◽  
Grave Goods

The author analyzed the problem of burial sites of the population of Scythian Age in the Seym region. Currently there are several locations associated with the local population. These are the burial sites from the Moiseevo and Maritsa hillforts and the necropolis near Dolinske village. The burials from the Moiseevo hillfort probably date back to the medieval times and the necropolis at the Maritsa settlement belonged to the Yukhniv culture. According to the available data, burial in the territory of this site was carried out after the hillfort ceased to function as a settlement — ca. 4th century BC. Necropolis near the Dolynske village is well known in the literature as an example of ground burials of the forest-steppe population of Scythian Age. However, detailed analysis of the circumstances of discovery of burials and the grave goods suggests that the burials were actually covered by the mounds but they did not survive due to the removal of soil. The grave goods is reminiscent of the nearby Sula necropolises. The lack of common burial sites in the region prompts the search for other burial rites. Traditionally cremations with the further dispersal of ashes are the common types of burial that do not leave visible burial sites but despite the complexity of their detection there are still no finds that would indicate this rite. The fragments of human bones at Shyryaevo, Kuzina Gora and Moiseyevo hillforts are the only hints that could indicate this. A round amulet which was made of human skull bone was discovered at the latter. Stray finds of human remains occurred at the sites of the entire forest-steppe territory in Scythian Age and many sites of Central Europe but the irregularity of such finds at the Seym region demonstrate that they could not be a mandatory consequence of a certain burial rite. The wide variety of analogies offers the options for the reconstruction of special burial practices that could lead to the deposition of human bones. By analogy with other cultures, the cannibalism, temporary burial at the site, and the deliberate storage of bones that may have been obtained from the burials can be assumed.

Anomalous Radiocarbon Dates from the Early Medieval Cremation Graves from Broechem (Flanders, Belgium): Reservoir or Old Wood Effects?

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rica Annaert ◽  
Mathieu Boudin ◽  
Koen Deforce ◽  
Anton Ervynck ◽  
Kristof Haneca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Cultural Artifacts ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Human Bones ◽  
Animal Bones

ABSTRACTAs part of the study of the early medieval cemetery at Broechem (Belgium), human bones from 32 cremation graves have been dated through radiocarbon (14C) analysis. It was noted that many of the dates were not in accordance with the chronological ranges provided by the characteristics of the cultural artifacts deposited in the graves. In fact, the human bones were “older” than the artifacts. Subsequently, a number of animal bones (in all cases from domestic pigs) was radiocarbon dated, yielding dates that were more consistent with the information from the cultural artifacts than the human bones. The dates obtained on human and pig bones from the same grave often differed around 100 radiocarbon years. This paper tries to find an explanation for the pattern observed, concentrating on two hypotheses: aquatic reservoir versus old wood effects. The evaluation takes into account additional radiocarbon dates derived from charcoal fragments of the funeral pyre, from both short-lived and long-lived taxa. A conclusive explanation for the anomalous radiocarbon dates could not be reached but clear suggestions can be put forward for future experimental work that will without doubt shed more light upon the interpretational problems raised.

Scythian Internecine Feuds

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina N. Daragan
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Political World ◽  
New Form ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

In the Scythian period burials have been identified, in which metal arrowheads have been found in or among the bones of the deceased which may have been the cause of death. In all such cases, without exception, the arrowheads, which had wounded or killed the deceased, were of specifically Scythian types, used precisely at that time for the weaponry of both Scythians and their contemporaries constituting the military contingents of various tribal alliances in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the sample has shown that in most cases those who perished were victims of armed conflicts within the ethno-political world of Scythia. In a number of further cases, arrow wounds had been caused as a result of a rite forming part of a funerary ritual. Some other archaeological data, such as the dismantling of and re-use of Scythian anthropomorphic stelai and also the virtually total plundering of their kurgans by the Scythians themselves, can also indicate the conflict situation within Scythian society in the late-5th and 4th centuries bc. Certain data from written sources also tie in with the existence of internecine feuds in Scythia, including the reliably recorded fact of clashes between Scythian élites. The inter-tribal violence recorded in the light of arrow wounds quite probably reflects, among other things, the new form of relationships within Scythian society resulting from rivalry for possession of territory and resources.

scholarly journals The analysis of pine cenoses flora in Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
I. A. Goncharova ◽  
L. N. Skripalshikova ◽  
A. P. Barchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Floristic Analysis ◽  
Steppe Belt ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Floristic Data

The aim of the paper is the floristic analysis at the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe pine cenoses. This problemrequires detailed research under the constant anthropogenic pressure. A flora inventory was carried out, vascular plantsspecies composition was determined. As a result, a summary of the flora was compiled, which includes 126 species from107 genera, 46 families, 6 classes, 5 divisions. Floristic analysis was carried out by the method of specific flora, taking intoaccount herbarium materials. The taxonomic, chorological, zonal, ecological, biomorphological flora structure featureswere determined based on the analysis of floristic data. The protected taxes have been identified. The peculiarities ofvegetation cover species composition are marked on the basis of the comprehensive flora analysis. The authors madethe conclusion that mesophytes of the light-coniferous and forest-steppe belt-zone groups with the Eurasian and EuroSiberian ranges predominate in the pine cenoses flora at the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The most part of species havethe life forms hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes. Species to be protected have been discovered: Cypripedium calceolus,C. guttatum, C. macranthon, Neottianthe cucullata.

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