The infection rates of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum show a positive correlation with Nugent score deriving from Gardnerella vaginalis in bacterial vaginosis

Negonorėjinis uretritas (NGU) yra dažniausia vyrų lytinių takų liga. Mokslinių tyrimų rezultatais pagrįsta, kad pagrindiniai sukėlėjai yra Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum. Įdiegus pažangius molekulinės diagnostikos metodus, dažnai šlaplės mikrofloroje randama Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, Gardnerella vaginalis ir kitų saprofitinių mikroorganizmų, kurių svarba uretritų etiopatogenezėje yra prieštaringa ir iki galo neišaiškinta. Negydytas vyrų uretritas gali sukelti sutrikimų, susijusių su reprodukcine bei lytine funkcija, ir yra viena iš pagrindinių nevaisingumo priežasčių. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra, apžvelgus mokslinę literatūrą, išanalizuoti vyrų NGU epidemiologiją, priežastis, diagnostikos ir gydymo galimybes.

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Chlamydia trachomatis : probable cause of prostatitis

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462981922395 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 350-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Iwona Ostaszewska ◽

Bozena Zdrodowska-Stefanow ◽

Jerzy Badyda ◽

Katarzyna Pucilo ◽

Jadwiga Trybula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Group I ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Group Ii

Summary: Seventy-eight men with symptoms of chronic or subacute prostatitis were enrolled. Investigations for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urethral swabs were carried out. The expressed prostatic secretions were additionally examined for Mycoplasma hominis , Ureaplasma urealyticum , Gardnerella vaginalis , other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis , yeast-like fungi and leucocyte count. Furthermore, all patients were evaluated for the presence of serum anti-chlamydial IgG antibodies. Signs of inflammation on the basis of the count of leucocytes per hpf in the prostatic secretions were detected in 42 patients (group I). Prostatodynia was found in the remaining 36 men (group II). In group I, chlamydial antigen was detected in the urethra and expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) in 6 (14.3%) and 9 (21.4%) patients, respectively. No evidence of current chlamydial infection was found in group II. The presence of serum anti-chlamydial IgG antibodies was demonstrated in 13/42 (30.9%) patients with prostatitis and in 3/36 (8.3%) patients with prostatodynia ( P 0.01). The results suggest that chlamydia may be one of the causative agents of chronic prostatitis. <

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Criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using the test Femoflor-16

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd66457-67 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 57-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Veronika V. Nazarova ◽

Elena V. Shipitsyna ◽

Ekaterina N. Gerasimova ◽

Alevtina M. Savicheva

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Microscopic Investigation ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Nugent Score ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Amsel Criteria

Background. Bacterial vaginosis is disturbance of the balance of the vaginal microflora, associated with a number of infectious diseases of the urogenital tract and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this country, for the detection of vaginal dysbiotic conditions, the test Femoflor-16 (DNA-Technology, Moscow) is widely used, however interpretation algorithms of this test do not include the category of BV. Aim. The study aimed to elaborate diagnostic criteria for the detection of BV using Femoflor-16 test. Materials and methods. Women of reproductive age addressing a gynecologist with vaginal discharge were enrolled in the study. For clinical diagnosis of BV, the Amsel criteria were used, laboratory analysis for BV was performed via microscopic investigation of vaginal discharge using the Nugent score. Samples of vaginal discharge from all women were analyzed with the test Femoflor-16, intended for characterizing vaginal microbiocenosis using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR. Results. A total of 280 women were included in the study. BV was diagnosed in 86 women (31%) using the Amsel criteria, and in 81 women (29%) using the Nugent score. All groups of anaerobic bacteria included in Femoflor-16 test were shown to be associated with BV, with the exception of bacteria of the genus Mobiluncus, which are detected together with phylogenetically related but not BV-associated bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium. A low amount of lactobacilli (< 10% of total bacterial load) coupled with an elevated amount of Gardnerella vaginalis/Prevotella bivia/Porphyromonas (> 1%) and/or Eubacterium (> 2%) and/or Sneathia/Leptotrichia/Fusobacterium (> 0.1%) and/or Megasphaera/Veillonella/Dialister (> 0.1%) and/or Lachnobacterium/Clostridium (> 0.1%) and/or Peptostreptococcus (> 0.1%) and/or Atopobium vaginae (> 0.2%) detected BV with a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 93%. Conclusions. Criteria for BV diagnosis using the test Femoflor-16 have been elaborated, which enable to detect BV or exclude it with a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 93%. These criteria for BV and criteria of the test manufacturers for severe anaerobic dysbiosis determine to a large extent the same category of the vaginal microbiocenosis.

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Features of amniotic fluid microbiota in full-term pregnancy

Perm Medical Journal ◽

10.17816/pmj37613-24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 13-24

Author(s):

M. A. Kaganova ◽

N. V. Spiridonova ◽

L. K. Medvedchikova-Ardiya

Keyword(s):

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Full Term ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Elective Cesarean Section ◽

Fetal Membranes ◽

Term Pregnancy ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Bacterial Mass

Objective. To study the microbial landscape of amniotic fluid in physiological process of full-term pregnancy. Recently, after publication of a number of studies regarding human microbiota (The Human Microbiome Project HMP), there occurred a change in paradigm on absolute sterility of fetal membranes and amniotic fluid in physiologically developing pregnancy. Materials and methods. At the City Clinical Hospital № 1 named after N.I. Pirogov, during elective cesarean section of 19 pregnant women (at the terms of 3741 weeks) with intact fetal membranes, an amniotic fluid of the following microorganisms was taken by means of PCR-PB: Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Gardnerella vaginalis / Prevotella bivia / Porphyromonas spp., Eubacterium spp., Sneathia spp. / Leptotrihia spp. / Fusobacterium spp., Megasphaera spp. / Veillonella spp. / Dialister spp., Lachnobacterium spp. / Clostridium spp., Mobiluncus spp. / Corynebacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Atopobium vaginae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma (urealyticum + parvum), Candida spp., Mycoplasma henitalium. Results. The general bacterial mass (GBM) of amniotic fluid in intact fetal membranes is 103,02 Ge/copies, in 47.4 % of cases the amniotic fluid is sterile. Microbiota is most often presented by Enterobacteriaceae spp. 37 %, the share of the rest, identified bacteria is 28 %, the share of unknown is 35 %. Conclusions. In case of physiologically developing pregnancy and intact fetal membranes, the general bacterial mass is low (GBM = 103,02 345 Ge/ml). In the intact amniotic sac the most typical microorganisms living in amniotic fluid are Enterobacteriaceae spp. (37 %), the rest are presented in single instances. The presence of the representatives of anaerobic vaginal dysbiosis as well as lactobacilli is not typical for the intact fetal membranes.

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Bacterial communities forming the vaginal micro-ecosystem in norm and in bacterial vaginosis

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd66630-43 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 30-43

Author(s):

Veronika V. Nazarova ◽

Elena V. Shipitsyna ◽

Kira V. Shalepo ◽

Alevtina M. Savicheva

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Nugent Score ◽

Facultative Anaerobes ◽

Normal Microflora ◽

Cluster 2

Background. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is disturbance of the vaginal microbiota, characterized by displacement of lactobacilli with anaerobic bacteria and capable of adversely affecting women’s reproductive health. In the development of BV, a wide spectrum of bacteria substantially differing in their properties is involved. Grouping vaginal bacterial communities into clusters, or types of microbiocenosis, might contribute to understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and elaboration of effective tools for diagnostics and therapy of the disease. Aim. Determination and comparative analysis of clusters of vaginal bacterial communities in norm and in BV. Materials and methods. Women of reproductive age were enrolled in the study. For the diagnosis of BV, the Nugent score was used. Vaginal swab samples from all women were analyzed with the test Femoflor-16, intended for evaluation of the vaginal microbiocenosis using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR. Two-step cluster analysis was applied for grouping bacterial communities. Differences between the clusters were evaluated using pairwise comparisons. Results. Of 280 women enrolled in the study, 172 had normal microflora, 27 – intermediate microflora, 81 – BV. In cluster analysis, 270 samples valid in PCR testing were included. All the vaginal bacterial communities were grouped into 4 clusters. Cluster 1 (n = 171) included cases when the vaginal microflora consisted mostly of lactobacilli. Cluster 2 (n = 11) encompassed cases of domination of aerobic microflora: Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Clusters 3 (n = 57) and 4 (n = 31) were connected with BV and included cases of prevailing of facultative anaerobes (Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae) and obligate anaerobes (Sneathia/Leptotrichia/Fusobacterium, Megasphaera/Veillonella/Dialister, Lachnobacterium/Clostridium), respectively. Nearly all cases of cluster 1 belonged to the category of normal microflora of the Nugent score. The majority of bacterial communities of cluster 2 matched intermediate microflora, cluster 3 – BV category with a score of 7 or 8, cluster 4 – BV category with a score of 9 or 10. The clusters differed significantly in vaginal рН, with the highest values observed for cluster 4. Conclusions. Vaginal bacterial communities are grouped into 4 main clusters, characterized by domination of lactobacilli, aerobes, facultative anaerobes or obligate anaerobes. The clusters belong to different categories of the Nugent score and differ significantly in vaginal pH.

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Assessment of vaginal microbiota in Brazilian women with and without bacterial vaginosis and comparison with Nugent score

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.9532 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 127-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Laura Maria Andrade Oliveira ◽

Cláudio Galuppo Diniz ◽

Aline Augusta Sampaio Fernandes ◽

Daniele Maria Knupp Souza-Sotte ◽

Michelle Cristine Ribeiro Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Vaginal Microbiota ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Nugent Score ◽

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Lactobacillus Spp ◽

Microbiota Structure

Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by the depletion of Lactobacillus spp. population and increase of other species, especially Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae. This study aimed to investigate the vaginal microbiota structure of Brazilian women with and without BV according to Nugent Score and to assess the correlation among Nugent score and the quantification of BV-associated bacteria. Methodology: Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) assay was employed to characterize the vaginal microbiota structure. Quantification of Lactobacillus spp., G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, Mobiluncus sp. and M. hominis were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Clustering by PCR-DGGE revealed differences in microbial structure of the different patient groups. Gardnerella vaginalis, A. vaginae, M. hominis and Mobiluncus sp. were detected at high loads in BV-associated microbiota. Quantification of Lactobacillus spp. showed an inverse correlation with Nugent score while the loads of G. vaginalis, A. vaginae, M. hominis and Mobiluncus sp. indicated a direct correlation with this method. Conclusions: Despite Nugent score is considered the gold standard for BV diagnosis, qPCR stands out as a useful tool for bacteria quantification and an alternative for BV diagnosis. Vaginal microbiota is a complex microbial community although there is a common core among BV and non-BV women. Investigation of vaginal microbiota structure may contribute to the development of tools for diagnosis improvement and therapeutic regimen optimization.

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Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh1308560d ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (7-8) ◽

pp. 560-564

Author(s):

Slobodanka Djukic ◽

Ivana Cirkovic ◽

Biljana Arsic ◽

Eliana Garalejic

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Clinical Criteria ◽

Vaginal Microflora ◽

Molecular Tests ◽

Ultimate Cause

Bacterial vaginosis is a common, complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora. When symptomatic, it is associated with a malodorous vaginal discharge and on occasion vaginal burning or itching. Under normal conditions, lactobacilli constitute 95% of the bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with severe reduction or absence of the normal H2O2?producing lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mycoplasma hominis and Mobiluncus species. Most types of infectious disease are diagnosed by culture, by isolating an antigen or RNA/DNA from the microbe, or by serodiagnosis to determine the presence of antibodies to the microbe. Therefore, demonstration of the presence of an infectious agent is often a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of the disease. This is not the case for bacterial vaginosis, since the ultimate cause of the disease is not yet known. There are a variety of methods for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis but no method can at present be regarded as the best. Diagnosing bacterial vaginosis has long been based on the clinical criteria of Amsel, whereby three of four defined criteria must be satisfied. Nugent?s scoring system has been further developed and includes validation of the categories of observable bacteria structures. Up?to?date molecular tests are introduced, and better understanding of vaginal microbiome, a clear definition for bacterial vaginosis, and short?term and long?term fluctuations in vaginal microflora will help to better define molecular tests within the broader clinical context.

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Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by a new multiplex peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization method

10.7287/peerj.preprints.698v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

António Machado ◽

Joana Castro ◽

Tatiana Cereija ◽

Carina Almeida ◽

Nuno Cerca

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Peptide Nucleic Acid ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Clinical Value ◽

Gold Standard Method ◽

Nugent Score ◽

Vaginal Microflora ◽

Pna Fish

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of most common vaginal infection and its diagnosis by classical methods reveals low specificity. Our goal was to compare the accuracy of BV diagnosis between the gold standard method, Nugent score, and our novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH) methodology, which targets Lactobacillus and Gardnerella vaginalis populations. Epidemiological characteristic of the population under study (n=150) mirrored what has been described before in other major studies. Our results have shown a sensitivity of 84.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), from 64.3 to 95.0%) and a specificity of 97.6% (95% CI, from 92.6 to 99.4%), which attests the clinical value of this PNA-FISH approach. This methodology combines the specificity of PNA probes for Lactobacillus species and G. vaginalis visualization, and the criteria defined by Nugent score, allowing a trustful evaluation of the bacteria present in vaginal microflora and avoiding the occurrence of misleading diagnostics. Therefore, the PNA-FISH methodology represents a valuable alternative for BV diagnosis.

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Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by a new multiplex peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization method

10.7287/peerj.preprints.698 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

António Machado ◽

Joana Castro ◽

Tatiana Cereija ◽

Carina Almeida ◽

Nuno Cerca

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Peptide Nucleic Acid ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Clinical Value ◽

Gold Standard Method ◽

Nugent Score ◽

Vaginal Microflora ◽

Pna Fish

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of most common vaginal infection and its diagnosis by classical methods reveals low specificity. Our goal was to compare the accuracy of BV diagnosis between the gold standard method, Nugent score, and our novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH) methodology, which targets Lactobacillus and Gardnerella vaginalis populations. Epidemiological characteristic of the population under study (n=150) mirrored what has been described before in other major studies. Our results have shown a sensitivity of 84.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), from 64.3 to 95.0%) and a specificity of 97.6% (95% CI, from 92.6 to 99.4%), which attests the clinical value of this PNA-FISH approach. This methodology combines the specificity of PNA probes for Lactobacillus species and G. vaginalis visualization, and the criteria defined by Nugent score, allowing a trustful evaluation of the bacteria present in vaginal microflora and avoiding the occurrence of misleading diagnostics. Therefore, the PNA-FISH methodology represents a valuable alternative for BV diagnosis.

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