scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF THE RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM IN SOVIET PHILOSOPHY IN THE 20-40-IES YEARS OF THE XX CENTURY: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Олег Александрович Устинов
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Philosophy ◽  
Creative Development ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Origin Of Man ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heaven And Earth

Статья посвящена анализу эволюции религиозно-философской антропологической парадигмы в советской философии в 1920-1940-е гг. Данная парадигма занимала доминантное положение в отечественной интеллектуальной традиции с XI в. и до начала XX в. Ее последовательное развитие было прервано революцией 1917 г. и приходом к власти коммунистической партии, исповедующей материалистические взгляды. Однако на протяжении всего периода советской истории в «научном подполье» продолжалась работа по изучению актуальных проблем религиозной антропологии, представленная именами А.Ф. Лосева, А.А. Мейера, Г.И. Челпанова, Я.С. Друскина, М.М. Бахтина, К.Э. Циолковского и др. Обосновав взгляд на человека как богосотворенное бессмертное существо, призванное к обожению, философы-нонконформисты продолжили защиту религиозно-философской антропологической парадигмы как адекватной исследовательской модели, обладающей значительным эвристическим потенциалом. В статье реконструируются и анализируются базовые положения данной парадигмы: представления о сотворении человека, соотношении души и тела, свободы воли, смысла и назначения жизни, соотношении личности и общества. Делается вывод о том, что развитие религиозно-философской антропологической мысли в 1920-1940-е гг. определялось, с одной стороны, тенденцией к консервации ее смыслообразующих концептов, а с другой стороны, их творческим развитием с помощью заимствования отдельных идей марксистского учения. Вторая тенденция свидетельствовала о готовности части философов-идеалистов к межпарадигмальному диалогу, который был понят как «великий синтез неба и земли», способный поставить точку в противостоянии идеалистов и материалистов. Но в условиях тоталитарного режима указанная инициатива не имела шансов на успех. The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the religious and philosophical anthropological paradigm in Soviet philosophy in the 1920-1940s. This paradigm occupied a dominant position in the domestic intellectual tradition from the 11th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Its consistent development was interrupted by the revolution of 1917 and the coming to power of the Communist Party, which professed materialistic views. However, throughout the entire period of Soviet history, work continued in the «scholarly underground» on the study of urgent problems of religious anthropology, which was carried out by A.F. Losev, A.A. Meyer, G.I. Chelpanov, Y.S. Druskin, M.M. Bakhtin, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, and many others. Having substantiated the view of man as a divine immortal being called to deification, nonconformist philosophers continued to defend the religious and philosophical anthropological paradigm as an adequate research model that has serious heuristic potential. The article reconstructs and analyzes the basic provisions of this paradigm: ideas on the origin of man, the correlation of soul and body, free will, the meaning and purpose of life, the relationship between the individual and society. It is concluded that the development of religious and philosophical anthropological thought in the 1920-1940-ies was determined, on the one hand, by the tendency to conserve its semantic concepts, and, on the other hand, by their creative development by borrowing certain ideas from Marxism. The second tendency testified to the readiness of some idealist philosophers for inter-paradigmatic dialogue, which was understood as a «great synthesis of heaven and earth». However, under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, this initiative did not have a chance of success.

scholarly journals The Development of Religious and Philosophical Anthropological Paradigm in Soviet Philosophy in 1985–1991: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 126-142
Author(s):  
Oleg A. Ustinov
Keyword(s):  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Soviet Philosophy ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Origin Of Man ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the religious-philosophical anthropological paradigm in Soviet philosophy during the years of perestroika. It was during this period that Soviet idealist philosophers, forced to work under the conditions of a “scientific underground” for seven decades, first gained the right to participate legally in academic discussions. They substantiated the idea of man as a divine immortal being called to deification, restored, and approved in the official discourse the religious-philosophical anthropological model, either reinterpreting it according to the samples of Byzantine patristics, or synthesizing it with oriental beliefs. The article reconstructs and analyzes the basic provisions of this paradigm: ideas about the origin of man, the relationship of soul and body, free will, the meaning and purpose of life, the relationship between the individual and society. It is concluded that the development of late Soviet religious and philosophical anthropological thought was determined by the tendency to self-isolation, associated with the actual refusal of its supporters from a constructive dialogue with adherents of materialistic teachings, and, consequently, the refusal to develop a synthesized concept of man. Adherents of the religious-philosophical approach expressed the hope that Christian anthropology would be taken as the basis for all philosophical developments of the future. However, contrary to their plans, this paradigm did not acquire a dominant position in modern Russian philosophy, and remained an object of interest for historians of philosophy and not for experts in philosophical anthropology and social philosophy.

scholarly journals Between Heaven and Earth: Family ownership versus rights of monastic communities. The Theodosian Code and late antique legal practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-170
Author(s):  
Marzena Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Roman Law ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
The Will ◽  
The One ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heaven And Earth

This article investigates the relationship between the legislation introduced in the field of proprietary rights assigned to various Church entities and the practice of accumulation of wealth by the monastic communities in late antique Egypt. On the one hand, among the literary sources the predominant theme concerning Egyptian monasticism is the idea of voluntary poverty and renunciation of worldly possessions aimed at the pursuance of a contemplative life. On the other hand, the papyri offer insight into monastic life that does not seem to have been entirely detached from the outside world. In this vein, the laws of Valentinian I and Theodosius II clearly indicate that monks and nuns continued to own property without disturbance after undertaking religious life. In addition, Theodosius the Great and later emperors restricted the freedom of certain groups of citizens to disown their property, rendering the Christian ideal of voluntary poverty not always feasible. It is only with Justinian that the rules regarding monastic poverty are shaped and set by the secular power. The incentive for this study is to check for any conflict between the principles of classical Roman law in the field of private ownership and imperial legislation included in the Codex Theodosianus. Giorgio Barone-Adesi observed the tension that took place between the Christian communities and their corporations that were allotted ever broader privileges and the Roman principle of preservation of the property within the family unit. There is, however, still some room left for discussion since not all the data easily adds up to an unequivocal conclusion. In this analysis, the Code is treated as a measure for taking a stand by the legislator in the dispute between the will of the owner, recognition of the rights of the heirs and family members, and finally the privileges granted to the religious consortia.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Osama Sami AL-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society .The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted.This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept . The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

A Portrait of the Artist

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-79
Author(s):  
David Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Central Feature ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Great Thing ◽  
Literary Art ◽  
Philosophy And Religion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides a background of Maimonides and his code of Jewish law, the Mishneh torah. Maimonides applied the highest literary art to the highest of tasks: to bequeath, as philosopher-statesman, a law that would regulate the life of the individual and of society and move people closer to the knowledge of God. The result of that art is a book to be read and experienced, not just consulted. The central feature of Mishneh torah as a work of art is the casting of the commandments of the law in the form of the cosmos. The microcosmic form suggests, in the first place, that studying Mishneh torah, like the study of the universe, can be a way to the knowledge and love of God. On the plane of ideas, this form embodies the relationship between the ‘small thing’ and the ‘great thing’, between halakhah, on the one hand, and physics and metaphysics on the other. It depicts philosophy as the matrix of halakhah, reflecting the view of the relationship between philosophy and religion in the Islamic philosophers.

scholarly journals POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL REFORMS OF THE 1930TH ‒ THE 1950TH IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Белоногов Юрий ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Personal Power ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Regional Leaders ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers historiographic assessments of the administrative-territorial transformations of the Stalinist period of Soviet history through the prism of relations "Center - Regions." For the supreme government in the period under study, the obvious dilemma was the choice between the economic efficiency of the spatial development of enlarged and self-sufficient regions, on the one hand, and the increase in the political manageability of the Center for regional development, on the other hand. The policy of disengaging the regions and giving the former dis-trict centers the status of regional capitals was connected with the need of the Cen-ter to monitor the processes of industrialization and collectivization, bring man-agement closer to production, as well as weaken the influence of regional leaders to strengthen the regime of personal power of I.V. Stalin. Subsequently, the political struggle for power in the 1950s. contributed to a gradual and irreversible review of the relationship between the central and regional authorities: for political reasons, the Center abandoned the administrative-territorial transformations of the regions.

scholarly journals Cultural Determinants of Creative Activity: The Problem of Freedom and Determinacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Е.В. Яковлева ◽  
Н.В. Исакова
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Conditioning ◽  
Language Of Music ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Рассмотрена культурная определенность творческой деятельности в аспекте отношения между творчеством как созданием чего-то принципиально нового и воспроизводством культуры, основанным на экспликации заложенных в нее смыслов. Материалами послужили результаты исследований философов и культурологов, изучавших проблемы социокультурной обусловленности творчества. Проводится аналитическое рассмотрение основных концепций, связанных с трактовкой творчества, изучены подходы к определению творческого статуса отдельных продуктов культуры, затронуты проблемы соотношения содержания и формы в творческой деятельности, охарактеризованы современные условия ее осуществления. Выделены варианты творческой деятельности по критерию характера выражаемых смыслов. Сделан вывод, что в настоящее время присутствуют социальные и технологические предпосылки как для множественной проработки уже известных мейнстримовых направлений, так и для формирования уникальных по форме и содержанию смысловых конструкций. The main problem of the study is to identify the relationship between the individual and culturally predetermined aspects of creative activity with the subsequent extension of the findings to the modern sociocultural situation. The sources were materials and research results of philosophers and culturologists studying the problem of the sociocultural conditioning of creativity. The authors proceed from a methodological premise that implies that, in the creative sphere, there are mechanisms for the “elaboration” of individual ideas, similar in their principles to the development of paradigms in the meaning that Thomas Kuhn attached to this term. The authors ask themselves the question of what the status of creativity is in modern research thought and determine the general points that are characteristic of almost all philosophical systems when considering creativity. The contradictions inherent in the problem of the cultural conditioning of creativity are analyzed. On the one hand, creativity is conditioned by the influence of culture and its development; on the other, it is the product of the free activity of an individual. The authors argue that a simple explication of culture is impossible, but one cannot reject the presence of direct objective factors that, to one degree or another, affect the creative process. Trying to determine the degree of conditionality of the creative process, the authors turn to the analysis of musical notation as a universal language of music. The conclusion is made about the limited (albeit calculated in huge numbers) options for expressing sound combinations. At the same time, this limitation acts simultaneously as determinacy, the so-called “field for maneuver”. Abstracting from this observation, the authors argue that the novelty of creative activity is not absolute: when faced with its product, we observe “the unknown in the known”. It is this aspect that determines the connection between creative individuals when they are forming cultural heritage. Four variants of creative activity are distinguished according to the criterion of the nature of the meanings expressed and the means used for this. The authors argue that the degree of variability of creative activity largely depends on how much society considers it permissible to introduce something new into the existing. They conclude that at present there are social and technological prerequisites both for the multiple elaboration of already known, mainstream areas and for the formation of semantic structures that are unique in their form and content.

scholarly journals Cossos en reclusió i cavant. Experiències i representacions emblemàtiques sobre la persona

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Jordi Morell Rovira
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the relationship of the person with the hole through both literal and metaphorical situations. On the one hand, it points up the body in seclusion and suspended in a time interval, as in the case of the accident at the mine in San José (Chile) or works by artists like J. Wall, G. Schneider or R. Ondák. In this way, opposed feelings evoke the experiences of waiting and/or punishment, which are explanatory of a confined body or a hole. Literature, cinema and art deal with these events from multiple aspects, which become existential allegories about the individual. On the other hand, the act of digging gains prominence as a symbol of work, but also of the absurd. Recalling the ambivalence that may suggest a person making a hole, this article carries out a drift through works by artists of different generations and contexts, such as C. Burden, M. Heizer, F. Miralles, Geliti, S. Sierra, F. Alÿs, M. Salum, X. Ristol or N. Güell. A series of clearly performative or conceptual works, where the act of digging, drilling, burying or unburying become common practices that show the diversity of meanings and intentions.

Pina Bausch, Mary Wigman, and the Aesthetic of “Being Moved”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Huschka
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Shared Space ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Being Moved ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Pina Bausch ◽  
Mary Wigman

This chapter rethinks the relationship between Mary Wigman and Pina Bausch from a viewpoint informed by recent philosophical approaches to dance history. Dance research often draws a genealogy that connects Wigman's approach to that of Bausch, the central representative of German Tanztheater as it emerged in the 1970s. However, it is argued Bausch took a fundamentally different position compared to the one propagated by her predecessor: turning her attention away from absolute truth and toward the truthfulness of any given physical movement on stage, while retaining the appeal to feeling, she sought to develop emotionally determined forms of movement and to create a shared space of human experience beyond any essentialism. But what about the choreographed body in these theatrical spaces of experience? How do movements and gestures function to reveal a perspective on the human being? Which choreographic or theatrical means are used, at the discretion of the individual body, to produce an impression of unmediated immediacy? The radical difference between Wigman and Bausch can be detected in their aesthetics of representation, in the way in which they choreograph emotion.

The Influence of the Qur'an on Titles in Saudi Poetry: A Study of Structure and Semantics

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-137
Author(s):  
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Mufliḥ
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This study discusses the influence of the Qur'an on the formulation of titles in Saudi poetry, whether it be the title of a dīwān or qaṣīda. It also discusses how the title indicates the contents of the dīwān or qaṣīda, and its relationship with the words and contents of the Qur'anic ayas. In addition this study analyses the relations between two contexts: that of the individual aya and ‘group’ of ayas within the Qur'anic discourse, and that of the underlying context of the qaṣīda or dīwān creation, in order to arrive at the relationship that connects title and qaṣīda on the one hand, and qaṣīda and aya(s), and their context, on the other.

Public Health and the Virtues of Responsibility, Compassion and Humility

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
The People ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In contrast to medical care, which is focused on the individual patient, public health is focused on collective health. This article argues that, in order to better protect the individual, discussions of public health would benefit from incorporating the insights of virtue ethics. There are three reasons to for this. First, the collective focus may cause neglect of the effects of public health policy on the interests and rights of individuals and minorities. Second, whereas the one-on-one encounters in medical care facilitate a compassionate and caring attitude, public health involves a distance between professionals and the public. Therefore, public health professionals must use imagination and care to evaluate the effects of policies on individuals. Third, the relationship between public health professionals and the people who are affected by the policies they design is characterized by power asymmetry, demanding a high level of responsibility from those who wield them. Against this background, it is argued that public health professionals should develop the virtues of responsibility, compassion and humility. The examples provided, i.e. breastfeeding information and vaccination policy, illustrate the importance of these virtues, which needed for normative as well as instrumental reasons, i.e. as a way to restore trust.

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