scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics: a practical guide for biologists

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Govaert
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Community Data

It is well-known that ecological and evolutionary processes can occur on similar time scales resulting in eco-evolutionary dynamics. One of the main questions in eco-evolutionary dynamics involves the assessment of the relative contribution of evolution, ecology and their interaction in the eco-evolutionary change under study. This has led to the development of several methods aimed to quantify the contributions of ecology and evolution to observed trait change, here referred to as eco-evolutionary partitioning metrics. This study provides an overview on currently-used partitioning metrics with a focus on methods that can quantify evolutionary and non-evolutionary contributions to population and community trait change. I highlight key differences between these metrics found in previous studies. Additionally, I also provide a detailed comparison between the ‘Geber’ method and the reaction norm approach. Next, I provide a guideline for researchers to assess which metrics are best suited for their data, give an overview on the type of data needed for these metrics, and how this data can be collected with a focus on community data.

scholarly journals Evolution and evolvability: celebrating Darwin 200

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F.Y Brookfield
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Adaptive Mutation ◽  
Genetic Covariances ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The concept of ‘evolvability’ is increasingly coming to dominate considerations of evolutionary change. There are, however, a number of different interpretations that have been put on the idea of evolvability, differing in the time scales over which the concept is applied. For some, evolvability characterizes the potential for future adaptive mutation and evolution. Others use evolvability to capture the nature of genetic variation as it exists in populations, particularly in terms of the genetic covariances between traits. In the latter use of the term, the applicability of the idea of evolvability as a measure of population's capacity to respond to natural selection rests on one, but not the only, view of the way in which we should envisage the process of natural selection. Perhaps the most potentially confusing aspects of the concept of evolvability are seen in the relationship between evolvability and robustness.

scholarly journals Evolution of a predator-induced, nonlinear reaction norm

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20170859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio J. Carter ◽  
Martin I. Lind ◽  
Stuart R. Dennis ◽  
William Hentley ◽  
Andrew P. Beckerman
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Selection Gradients ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Response

Inducible, anti-predator traits are a classic example of phenotypic plasticity. Their evolutionary dynamics depend on their genetic basis, the historical pattern of predation risk that populations have experienced and current selection gradients. When populations experience predators with contrasting hunting strategies and size preferences, theory suggests contrasting micro-evolutionary responses to selection. Daphnia pulex is an ideal species to explore the micro-evolutionary response of anti-predator traits because they face heterogeneous predation regimes, sometimes experiencing only invertebrate midge predators and other times experiencing vertebrate fish and invertebrate midge predators. We explored plausible patterns of adaptive evolution of a predator-induced morphological reaction norm. We combined estimates of selection gradients that characterize the various habitats that D. pulex experiences with detail on the quantitative genetic architecture of inducible morphological defences. Our data reveal a fine scale description of daphnid defensive reaction norms, and a strong covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues. By analysing the response of the reaction norm to plausible, predator-specific selection gradients, we show how in the context of this covariance, micro-evolution may be more uniform than predicted from size-selective predation theory. Our results show how covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues for morphological defence can shape the evolutionary trajectory of predator-induced defences in D. pulex .

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1523) ◽  
pp. 1483-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pelletier ◽  
D. Garant ◽  
A.P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Microevolutionary Change ◽  
Theoretical Developments ◽  
Rapid Evolutionary Change

Evolutionary ecologists and population biologists have recently considered that ecological and evolutionary changes are intimately linked and can occur on the same time-scale. Recent theoretical developments have shown how the feedback between ecological and evolutionary dynamics can be linked, and there are now empirical demonstrations showing that ecological change can lead to rapid evolutionary change. We also have evidence that microevolutionary change can leave an ecological signature. We are at a stage where the integration of ecology and evolution is a necessary step towards major advances in our understanding of the processes that shape and maintain biodiversity. This special feature about ‘eco-evolutionary dynamics’ brings together biologists from empirical and theoretical backgrounds to bridge the gap between ecology and evolution and provide a series of contributions aimed at quantifying the interactions between these fundamental processes.

scholarly journals Alien Species vs. Native Species: From Community Ecology to Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andersonn Silveira Prestes
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment and spread of exotic species is a contemporary major concern. Alien species may become invasive in their new habitat, leading to both/either environmental and/or economic impacts. I briefly reviewed the literature in the last decade about the relationship of exotic species and native communities. I identified that professionals usually approach the subject in two main points of view: (1) researchers tend to point out the impacts of alien species on entire communities, evaluating if the relationship is positive, negative or neutral; (2) they focus on the eco-evolutionary processes involved in the introductions, the dynamics of invasion, and individual study cases. When evaluating the response of introductions to entire communities, evidence seems to be ambiguous and may support positive, negative or neutral relationship, especially depending on the scale approached. The unique eco-evolutionary pathways of each introduction may be a great shortcoming in the searching for generalities. On the other hand, advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of invasion on different lineages through a more selective/individualized approach. I suggest that the dynamics of invasion might be studied through a perspective in which different eco-evolutionary processes, levels of organization (from gene to entire communities), the history of the organism(s) and time are taken into account. Individual cases might be compared in attempt to understand how the relationship exotic and native works and in the search for generalities.

scholarly journals The evolutionary dynamics of Oropouche Virus (OROV) in South America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Gutierrez ◽  
Emma Wise ◽  
Steven Pullan ◽  
Christopher Logue ◽  
Thomas A. Bowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Variable Evolutionary Rates

AbstractThe Amazon basin is host to numerous arthropod-borne viral pathogens that cause febrile disease in humans. Among these,Oropouche orthobunyavirus(OROV) is a relatively understudied member of the Peribunyavirales that causes periodic outbreaks in human populations in Brazil and other South American countries. Although several studies have described the genetic diversity of the virus, the evolutionary processes that shape the viral genome remain poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive study of the genomic dynamics of OROV that encompasses phylogenetic analysis, evolutionary rate estimates, inference of natural selective pressures, recombination and reassortment, and structural analysis of OROV variants. Our study includes all available published sequences, as well as a set of new OROV genomes sequences obtained from patients in Ecuador, representing the first set of viral genomes from this country. Our results show that differing evolutionary processes on the three segments that encompass the viral genome lead to variable evolutionary rates and TMRCAs that could be explained by cryptic reassortment. We also present the discovery of previously unobserved putative N-linked glycosylation sites, and codons which evolve under positive selection on the viral surface proteins, and discuss the potential role of these features in the evolution of the virus through a combined phylogenetic and structural approach.

scholarly journals Formation of Orion fingers

2020 ◽  
Vol 495 (1) ◽  
pp. 1172-1187
Author(s):  
Ross Dempsey ◽  
Nadia L Zakamska ◽  
James E Owen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Hydrodynamic Instabilities ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Common System ◽  
Bow Shocks

ABSTRACT ‘Orion fingers’ are a system of dozens of bow shocks, with the wings of shocks pointing to a common system of origin, which is centred on a dynamically disintegrating system of several massive stars. The shock heads propagate with velocities of up to 300–400 km s−1, but the formation and physical properties of the ‘bullets’ leading the shocks are not known. Here, we summarize two possible scenarios for the formation of the ‘bullets’ and the resulting bow shocks (‘fingers’). In the first scenario, bullets are self-gravitating, Jupiter-mass objects that were formed rapidly and then ejected during the strong dynamical interactions of massive stars and their discs. This scenario naturally explains the similar time-scales for the outflow of bullets and for the dynamical interaction of the massive stars, but has some difficulty explaining the observed high velocities of the bullets. In the second scenario, bullets are formed via hydrodynamic instabilities in a massive, infrared-driven wind, naturally explaining the high velocities and the morphology of outflow, but the bullets are not required to be self-gravitating. The processes that created the Orion fingers are likely not unique to this particular star-forming region and may result in free-floating, high-velocity, core-less planets.

scholarly journals Link between Mass-loss and Variability Type for AGB Stars?

1999 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Ivezić ◽  
Gillian R. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Agb Stars ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
K 12

We find that AGB stars separate in the 25–12 vs. 12-K color-color diagram according to their chemistry (O, S vs. C) and variability type (Miras vs. SRb/Lb). While discrimination according to the chemical composition is not surprising, the separation of Miras from SRb/Lb variables is unexpected.We show that “standard” steady-state radiatively driven models provide excellent fits to the color distribution of Miras of all chemical types. However, these models are incapable of explaining the dust emission from O-rich SRb/Lb stars. The models can be altered to fit the data by postulating different optical properties for silicate grains, or by assuming that the dust temperature at the inner envelope radius is significantly lower (300–400 K) than typical condensation temperatures (800–1000 K), a possibility which is also supported by the detailed characteristics of LRS data. While such lower temperatures are required only for O- and S-rich SRb/Lb stars, they are also consistent with the colors of C-rich SRb/Lb stars.The absence of hot dust for SRb/Lb stars can be interpreted as a recent (order of 100 yr) decrease in the mass-loss rate. The distribution of O-rich SRb/Lb stars in the 25–12 vs. K-12 color-color diagram shows that the mass-loss rate probably resumes again, on similar time scales. It cannot be ruled out that the mass-loss rate is changing periodically on such time scales, implying that the stars might oscillate between the Mira and SRb/Lb phases during their AGB evolution as proposed by Kerschbaum et al. (1996). Such a possibility appears to be supported by recent HST images of the Egg Nebula obtained by Sahai et al. (1997), the discovery of multiple CO winds reported by Knapp et al. (1998), and long-term visual light-curve changes detected for some stars by Mattei (1998).

Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Structural Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Plant Morphogenesis ◽  
Dynamic Integration ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Developmental Dynamics ◽  
Development And Evolution

Since structure is not completely static, but more or less changing, it appears appropriate to see it dynamically as process. More specifically, each particular structure can be conceived of as a combination of morphogenetic processes. These process combinations may change during development and evolution, during ontogeny and phylogeny. Evolutionary processes, or more specifically modes of morphological transformation, can be seen more dynamically when conceptualized as changes in process combinations. These evolutionary dynamics are illustrated by examples of the evolutionary processes of several schemes such as Zimmermann's scheme (heterochrony, heterotopy, heteromorphy), Takhtajan's scheme (prolongation, abbreviation, deviation) and other processes such as homeosis. Process morphology, which deals with the diversity of plant form in terms of process combinations (instead of structural categories such as root, stem, and leaf), provides a dynamic integration of development and evolution in terms of process combinations and their changes. In other words, the (developmental) dynamics of process combinations representing structures is seen undergoing further (evolutionary) dynamics. Hence, there are (evolutionary) dynamics of the (developmental) dynamics. Key words: plant morphogenesis, evolutionary processes, homology, heterochrony, neoteny, homeosis.

scholarly journals Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Group A in Recurrent Epidemics in Coastal Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 4990-5002 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Otieno ◽  
Charles N. Agoti ◽  
Caroline W. Gitahi ◽  
Ann Bett ◽  
Mwanajuma Ngama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Highest Posterior Density

ABSTRACTThe characteristic recurrent epidemics of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) within communities may result from the genetic variability of the virus and associated evolutionary adaptation, reducing the efficiency of preexisting immune responses. We analyzed the molecular evolutionary changes in the attachment (G) glycoprotein of RSV-A viruses collected over 13 epidemic seasons (2000 to 2012) in Kilifi (n= 649), Kenya, and contemporaneous sequences (n= 1,131) collected elsewhere within Kenya and 28 other countries. Genetic diversity in the G gene in Kilifi was dynamic both within and between epidemics, characterized by frequent new variant introductions and limited variant persistence between consecutive epidemics. Four RSV-A genotypes were detected in Kilifi: ON1 (11.9%), GA2 (75.5%), GA5 (12.3%), and GA3 (0.3%), with predominant genotype replacement of GA5 by GA2 and then GA2 by ON1. Within these genotypes, there was considerable variation in potentialN-glycosylation sites, with GA2 and ON1 viruses showing up to 15 different patterns involving eight possible sites. Further, we identified 15 positively selected and 34 genotype-distinguishing codon sites, with six of these sites exhibiting both characteristics. The mean substitution rate of the G ectodomain for the Kilifi data set was estimated at 3.58 × 10−3(95% highest posterior density interval = 3.04 to 4.16) nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Kilifi viruses were interspersed in the global phylogenetic tree, clustering mostly with Kenyan and European sequences. Our findings highlight ongoing genetic evolution and high diversity of circulating RSV-A strains, locally and globally, with potential antigenic differences. Taken together, these provide a possible explanation on the nature of recurrent local RSV epidemics.IMPORTANCEThe mechanisms underlying recurrent epidemics of RSV are poorly understood. We observe high genetic diversity in circulating strains within and between epidemics in both local and global settings. On longer time scales (∼7 years) there is sequential replacement of genotypes, whereas on shorter time scales (one epidemic to the next or within epidemics) there is a high turnover of variants within genotypes. Further, this genetic diversity is predicted to be associated with variation in antigenic profiles. These observations provide an explanation for recurrent RSV epidemics and have potential implications on the long-term effectiveness of vaccines.

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics in plants: interactive processes at overlapping time-scales and their implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Shefferson ◽  
Roberto Salguero-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics
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