scholarly journals Activity Patterns of Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species and Comparative Performance of Different Traps in an Endemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Cukurova Plain, Southern Anatolia, Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özge E. Kasap ◽  
Asli Belen ◽  
Sinan Kaynas ◽  
Fatih M. Simsek ◽  
Levent Biler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Monitoring Trap ◽  
Aggregate Population

An entomological survey for sand flies was conducted from May to October 2006 in a village near an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cukurova Plain, south Anatolia, Turkey. Standard CDC light traps, CO2 traps, sticky traps, mouth aspirators, animal-baited traps and human landing collection were used to determine species composition, density and nocturnal activity of sand fly species. BG-Sentinel Trap, a novel monitoring trap originally developed to attract mosquitoes, was also tested to investigate its efficiency for sand flies. Overall, 4 048 specimens belonging to four species of genus Phlebotomus Rondani et Berté 1840 and two of genus Sergentomyia França et Parrot 1920 were collected. Phlebotomus tobbi Adler, Theodor et Lourie 1930, the proven vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle 1908 was found to be the most abundant (65.6%) species while P. sergenti Parrot 1917, the proven vector of L. tropica (Wright, 1903) in Turkey accounted for 0.1% of the sand flies that were identified. Other species, P. perfiliewi galilaeus (Theodor 1958), P. papatasi (Scopoli, 1786), Sergentomyia dentata (Sinton, 1933) and Sergentomyia theodori (Parrot, 1942) represented 31%, 2%, 1.5% and 0.3 % of the sand fly fauna, respectively. Aggregate population of sand flies was found to be the lowest in May. Population size rose through June and July, with the highest peak in August, and decreased through September and October. Among the traps used, CO2 traps were found to offer a more suitable and productive method than others for both estimating the species composition and the population density of sand flies in the study area. Studies on the nocturnal activity indicated that even the number of captures declined rapidly during dusk period, between 04.00 and 06.00 h, in general, no significant hourly pattern was determined neither the species prevalence nor the nocturnal activity of the species. According to statistical analysis the variation in hourly nighttime temperature did not influence the nocturnal activity of the species whereas the number of collected sand flies during nocturnal period was strongly associated with relative humidity.

scholarly journals Phlebotomine Sand Fly Survey in the Republic of Moldova: Species Composition, Distribution and Host Preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Sulesco ◽  
Ozge Erisoz Kasap ◽  
Petr Halada ◽  
Gizem Oguz ◽  
Dimian Rusnac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Protein Profiling ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
The Republic

Abstract Background: Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodiae) in the Republic of Moldova have been understudied for decades. Our study provides a first update on their occurrence, species composition and bloodmeal sources after fifty years.Methods: During 5 seasons (2013-2017), 58 localities from 20 regions were surveyed for presence of sand flies using CDC light traps and manual aspirators. Species identification was done by a combination of morphological and molecular approaches (DNA barcoding, MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling). In engorged females, host blood was identified by three molecular techniques (RFLP, cytb sequencing and MALDI-TOF peptide mass mapping). Population structure of most abundant species was studied by cox1 haplotyping, phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and cox1 genetic markers were used to resolve relationships of other detected species.Results: In total, 780 sand flies were collected at 30 (51.7%) localities from 12 regions of Moldova. Three species were identified by an integrative morphological and molecular approach: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi and Adlerius sp., the first being the most abundant and widespread, markedly anthropophilic based of bloodmeal analyses and occurring also indoor, showing low structuring of population with only 5 haplotypes of cox1 detected. Distinct morphological and molecular characters of Adlerius sp. specimens suggest presence of yet undescribed species.Conclusions: Our study revealed a presence of stable sand fly population of three species in Moldova that pose a nuisance by biting as well as potential thread of pathogen transmission and shall be further studied.

scholarly journals Data on sand fly fauna (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete M. S. Afonso ◽  
Wagner A. Costa ◽  
Alfredo C. R. Azevedo ◽  
Simone M. da Costa ◽  
Maurício L. Vilela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
National Park ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Janeiro State

The sand fly fauna in Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was investigated in different habitats ranging from sylvatic areas to those altered by human activity related to ecotourism, specifically identifying species that have been suggested as potential leishmaniasis vectors. Sand flies were captured from June 2002 to March 2004, using CDC light traps and Shannon traps. A total of 1,256 sand fly specimens were captured, from species belonging to genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia: Brumptomyia guimaraesi, B. troglodytes, Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) amarali, L. lanei, L. migonei, L. sallesi, L. edwardsi, L. tupynambai, L. (Pintomyia) pessoai, L. (P.) bianchigalatie, L. rupicola, L. (Psathyromyia) shannoni, L. pascalei, L. (Psychodopygus) matosi, L. (P.) davisi, L. (P.) hirsuta hirsuta, L. (P.) ayrozai, L. peresi, L. monticola, and L. misionensis. Worthy of special attention were four species that are considered potential vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: L. ayrozai, L. hirsuta hirsuta, L. migonei, and L. davisi, representing 19.19% of the specimens captured in this study.

scholarly journals Assessing public perception of a sand fly biting study on the pathway to a controlled human infection model for cutaneous leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivak Parkash ◽  
Georgina Jones ◽  
Nina Martin ◽  
Morgan Steigmann ◽  
Elizabeth Greensted ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Facing Material

Abstract Background A controlled human infection model (CHIM) involves deliberate exposure of volunteers to pathogens to assess their response to new therapies at an early stage of development. We show here how we used public involvement to help shape the design of a CHIM to support future testing of candidate vaccines for the neglected tropical disease cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies in tropical regions. Methods We undertook a public involvement (PI) consultation exercise to inform development of a study to test the safety and effectiveness of a sand fly biting protocol using uninfected sand flies (FLYBITE: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03999970) and a CHIM using Leishmania major-infected sand flies (LEISH_Challenge: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04512742), both taking place in York, UK. We involved 10 members of the public including a patient research ambassador and a previous CHIM volunteer. The session took place at The University of York, UK and examined draft study volunteer-facing material and included the CHIM study design, potential adverse events and therapeutic interventions at study endpoints. A discussion of the scientific, ethical, humanitarian and economic basis for the project was presented to the participants to provoke discourse. An inductive, thematic analysis was used to identify the participants’ key concerns. Results Themes were identified relating to i) quality of volunteer-facing written information, ii) improving study design, and iii) factors to motivate involvement in the research. Group participants responded positively to the overall study aims. Initial concerns were expressed about potential risks of study involvement, but further explanation of the science and mitigations of risk secured participant support. Participants provided advice and identified improved terminology to inform the volunteer-facing material. Lastly, treatment options were discussed, and excision of any cutaneous lesion was favoured over alternatives as a treatment. Conclusion The consultation exercise provided invaluable information which led to improved study design and enhanced clarity in the volunteer-facing material. The session also reinforced the need to maintain public trust in scientific rigour prior to initiation of any study. The investigators hope that this description strengthens understanding of PI in clinical research, and encourages its use within other studies.

scholarly journals Species Composition of Sand-fly and Occurrence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Owerri North Local Government Area, Imo State

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ajero C M Ugoji ◽  
◽  
P N Amaechi A A ◽  
Chigbo U N ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease of public health value vectored by sand-fly in tropical and vegetative regions of the world. This study was carried out between March and September, 2019 to determine species composition of Sand fly and occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Owerri North Local Government Area of Imo State. Light and paper oil trap were used to trap 204 Sandflies from 3 villages and identified with standard entomological technique based on morphological characteristics. Assessment of the skin for cutaneous leishmaniasis manifestation was carried out on available respondents above 15 years. Blood samples were collected from 42 head of households and emptied into EDTA containers. Laboratory analysis of blood samples was carried out using standard method of staining and microscopy. Result was represented in percentages and subjected to chi-square analysis. The result revealed two sand-fly genera; Phlebotomus (135) and Lutzomyia (69) with abundant rates of 66.17% and 33.82% respectively. The different species were present in the villages sampled and female flies accounted for 45.59% of the collection. There was no typical CL skin manifestation observed among villagers, however, laboratory analysis of the household respondents showed 3(7.14) persons had amastigote form of leis hymenia in their blood. The study reveals occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its possible vectors in the study area. There is need for public health awareness, health education and application of effective control measures for sand-fly in this area

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Role of the Ecotones in the Transmission of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9274
Author(s):  
Walid Barhoumi ◽  
Ifhem Chelbi ◽  
Wasfi Fares ◽  
Sami Zhioua ◽  
Mohamed Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Central Tunisia ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Significant Difference

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), endemic in Central and Southern Tunisia, is caused by Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), which is transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. In Tunisia, the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus and the desert jird Meriones shawi are the principal reservoir hosts of L. major. The presence of the P. papatasi vector of the L. major etiologic agent of ZCL was assessed in the vicinity of villages in endemic areas of Central Tunisia. The study was performed from September through October 2019, a period corresponding to the main peak of activity of P. papatasi. Sand flies were collected from rodent burrows located at the ecotone level, which is the transition zone between the natural environment and human settlement. Sand flies were identified to species level and tested for the presence of L. major by PCR. Our entomological survey showed that P. papatasi is the most abundant sand fly species associated with rodent burrows, and this abundance is even higher in ecotones primarily occupied by P. obesus in comparison to ecotones occupied by M. shawi. Infections with Leishmania major were detected only in P. papatasi, with an overall minimum infection rate (MIR) of 2.64%. No significant difference was observed between the MIRs in ecotones of P. obesus and of M. shawi. Incidence of ZCL in the studied areas ranged from 200 to 700 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a mean incidence of 385.41 per 100,000. Higher ZCL incidence was identified in ecotones of M. shawi compared to ecotones of P. obesus. ZCL cases are positively correlated with the MIRs. Considering the short flight range of P. papatasi, increases in its densities associated with burrows of P. obesus or M. shawi at the ecotone level expand the overlap of infected vectors with communities and subsequently increase ZCL incidence. Therefore, control measures should target P. papatasi populations at the ecotones.

Sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Serra da Mocidade Nacional Park: report of vectors and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and new records for the state of Roraima, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4500 (2) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
WALKYRIA RODRIGUES RAMOS ◽  
ARLEY FARIA JOSÉ DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
RUI ALVES DE FREITAS ◽  
VERACILDA RIBEIRO ALVES ◽  
DANILO PACHECO CORDEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
The State ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North

Phlebotomine sand flies are insects of medical importance, as they are vectors of viruses, bacteria and trypanosomatids of the genus Leishmania Ross, the causative agent of leishmaniasis (Forattini 1973). During the past 20 years approximately 500,000 cases of leishmaniasis have been reported in Brazil. Most of these cases were reported in the North and Northeast regions. In the State of Roraima, almost 2,000 cases, including both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), have been reported during the past three years (SINAN 2017). Usually the transmission by infected female sand flies occurs in wild or rural areas, but there have also been recorded cases and vector captures in urban environments. Some sand fly species are known to enter houses in search of resting places and blood meal sources; as a result of this behavior, they are remarkably adaptable to new environments (Carvalhoet al. 2010). 

scholarly journals On the vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Central Amazon of Brasil. 3. Phlebotomine sand fly stratification in a terra firme forest

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge R. Arias ◽  
◽  
Rui A. de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Central Amazon ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Terra Firme Forest

Abstract Stratification studies showed that the vast majority of sand fly species in the Manaus region are found in tree canopies (15m), and that there are two dominant species which are the vectors of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. It took 43 weeks of trapping to capture all 50 species of sand flies collected.

Influence of Deforestation on the Community Structure of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Eastern Amazonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1004-1012
Author(s):  
José Manuel Macário Rebêlo ◽  
Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes ◽  
Gustavo Barbosa Vieira Cruz ◽  
Joudellys Andrade-Silva ◽  
Maria Da Conceição Abreu Bandeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Variation in the structure of phlebotomine (sand fly) communities in forest fragments with different degrees of preservation and human occupation (peridomicile) in eastern Amazonia was studied. We identified 43 species of sand flies in our study, of which 38 occurred in both preserved forest areas and in the peridomiciles of short-term settlements, while another 28 species occurred in altered forest fragments and long-term settlements. The composition of the community at each site changed with the type of environment (forest or peridomicile), with the species Lutzomyia evandroi, L. whitmani, L. choti, L. serrana, L. triacantha, L. migonei, L. hirsuta, L. shannoni, and L. brachyphylla accounting for more than 54% of the differences among environments. The quality of the environment exerted a significant influence on the structure of phlebotomine communities, and affected their species composition, richness, and abundance.

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