scholarly journals The Demand for Fertility Control in Pakistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1097-1106
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood ◽  
G. M. Zahm
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Desires ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
Substantial Decline

The shift from high to low fertility during the process of modernisation may occur through a reduction in the demand for children and an increase in deliberate fertility control behaviour of individuals. This, in tum, depends on couple's positive attitudes and willingness to adopt contraception and the easy availability and accessibility of the means of fertility regulation. In social settings like Pakistan where the desire for large family size exists and deliberate family limitation is not very common, it is of great importance to study the process of making family size choices and assess the demand for fertility control which are very likely to influence the future prospects of fertility change. A recent study in reviewing population policy and family planning programme effectiveness in a number of Third World countries including Pakistan has stressed on the immediate need to estimate the potential demand for services and the extent of such demand in specific areas and subgroups of population [Freedman (1987»). The findings from WFS data on fertility desires for many developing countries also suggest that if women fully implement their stated desire for children and restrict themselves to wanted births, substantial decline in fertility is likely to occur in a majority of countries and unlikely in only a few [Lightboume (1988»). Such findings are important in the context of Pakistan's fertility situation where a significant number of women want to stop childbearing and speculation about a substantial decline in fertility exists.

scholarly journals FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICE IN NIGERIA

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uche C, Isiugo-Abanihe
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Fertility Preferences ◽  
Fertility Preference ◽  
Desired Family Size ◽  
Living Children

Fertility preferences reported by currently married women are analyzed with respect to their characteristics and contraceptive use. Only 36 percent of the women gave numerical responses to the question on desired family size, while 63 percent gave ‘up to God’ responses. Nigerian women still have a preference for a large family size (6 children), which may be considered moderate relative to family size of 7 to 10 children reported in earlier studies. Only 18 percent of currently married women desired to cease childbearing, a low figure indeed, but much higher that the 5 percent recorded a decade ago by a comparable national survey. The study reveals a^ high level of consistency between desire for children and whether or not desired family size exceeds the number of living children, and shows that fertility preference reasonably predicts contraceptive use. Desire to cease childbearing is as closely related to contraceptive use as most of other variables considered. There is therefore the need to improve contraceptive accessibility and knowledge of fertility control possibilities for the general public, which are among the objectives of Nigeria’s population policy.

Relationship of Infant-Child Mortality to Fertility: Some Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Relevant to Pakistan (Review Article)

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-480
Author(s):  
Iqbal Alam
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
Effective Contraception ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Relationship Of

Of considerable interest to social scientists, particularly the demogra¬phers, is the process of family limitation—a critical link in the demographic transition from high to low fertility. The available literature identifies numerous macro socio-economic and cultural variables found to be correlated with fertility behaviour [9]. However, little is known regarding the key motivational factors which, by impinging upon individual couples, result in a reduction of family size. The advocates of family planning programmes claim that family limitation can be achieved by providing couples with information about contraception along with effective means of birth control. The critics of current family planning programmes while recognising the importance of accessibility of effective contraception in family limitation, however, strongly feel that the reduction in fertility of the developing countries may not be achieved without substantial social, economic and cultural changes in those countries. These changes, among other things, are postulated to result in a substantial decline in levels of mortality—a generally accepted antecedent condition for substantial decline in fertility.

Socioeconomic Factors in Adolescent Delinquency

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D. Jejurikar ◽  
N.S. Shenvi
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Sexual Offences ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
Family Pattern ◽  
Delinquent Boys

[In Bombay, 371 delinquent boys and girls were interviewed in order to study the various socioeconomic factors. In the majority of the cases, an adverse home environ ment played a major role. 45% of the boys and 50% of the girls had incurred loss of one or both the parents. Factors like poverty, large family size, nuclear family pattern and illiteracy had a great bearing in causing aberrant behaviour in these children. Involvement in sexual offences in the form of elopement and/or rape were observed in girls. In boys, stealing was a major reason for being in the observation home. 70% of the delinquents did not belong to proper Bombay. With rapid urbanisation, the problem of juvenile delinquency is bound to increase manifold in the next few decades}.

scholarly journals Fertility Desires and Family Size Preferences of HIV Positive Women Accessing Care in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Awuri Babema-Igonikon ◽  
Manuchimso Charles Akaninwor
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Significant Implication ◽  
Fertility Desires ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Desire To Have Children ◽  
Port Harcourt

Introduction: Women living with HIV may or may not intend to bear children. They may also have different preferences in terms of family sizes. The desire of HIV positive women to bear children and their family size preferences has significant implication for horizontal and vertical transmission of this incurable disease. This study, therefore, aims to determine fertility preferences and their predictors among HIV positive women accessing care at UPTH, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 402 women within the reproductive age (15-49 years) who were on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Participants were recruited using systematic sampling method and were interviewed with an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain participant’s socio-demographic characteristics, desire for children, use, demand and choice of contraception and reproductive characteristics. With SPSS version 20, data was summarised as descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used to test for association. Results: The study showed that 81.8% of respondents desire to have children out of which 96 (29.3%) desired one to two children, 169 (51.5%) desired three to four children, and 18 (5.5%) wanted five or more children. Factors such as age, marital status, and disclosure of Sero-status to partner were found to be associated with family size preferences (p<0.05). Conclusion: HIV positive women in Port Harcourt have high fertility desires and moderate family sizes preferences; thus, indicating the need for more support and involvement of the government and relevant stake holders in ensuring better access to ART services in the country. More resources should be channelled towards provision of effective preventive medications and services, people who live with HIV (PLHIVs) should be continuously and adequately sensitised with the necessary knowledge on how to make healthy reproductive decisions, as well as on available practicable reproductive options for HIV-infected women should be made efficient, and easily accessible.

scholarly journals Shifting the Burden to Daughters: A Qualitative Examination of Population Policy, Labor Migration, and Filial Responsibility in Rural Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
Roslyn Fraser Schoen
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Wage Earning

This research examines the gendered consequences of the international low-fertility agenda, as it has been realized in an era of a globalized labor market, by documenting some of the ways that families in rural Bangladesh have shifted filial responsibilities between daughters and sons. Such shifts are occurring in a context of new demographic and economic realities that have been largely shaped by national policies and pressure from international organizations. Using qualitative interview data, this study examines how, in the context of declining family size, male labor migration, and increasing life expectancy, women and girls are expected to take on a larger share of filial responsibilities. While sons’ responsibilities narrow to include economic contributions through wage earning and remittances, expectations for daughters are expanding and may include earning a wage, as well as caring for both natal and marital relatives. This paper also seeks to problematize the conflation of fertility decline, poverty reduction, and women’s well-being by arguing that women’s empowerment is not a natural result of smaller families.

Solving Low Fertility Rate with Technology?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-ok Ha
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
National Family Planning ◽  
The Government

South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2005 was 1.08, the lowest in the world. The government launched the National Support Program for Infertile Couples (“the Program”) in 2006 which expenditures for diverse assisted reproductive treatments are subsidized. This chapter seeks to critique three aspects of the Program. First, the Program is a population policy that has not kept up with changes in family values and practices. Second, the Program’s very implementation has created demand, ‘those diagnosed as infertile’ have become ‘infertile members of the population’. Lastly, the Program has resulted in a meaningful increase in the number of in vitro fertilization treatments, and this increase has negatively impacted the health of women and children. Reproduction has always been a field for political struggle, and political imagination-created reproduction is revealed most strikingly when reproduction becomes a “population problem”. South Korea’s National Family Planning Project was brought by the Park Chung-hee government, which emphasized the value of the “modern family,” specifically, “Modernization of the Fatherland,” as part of economic development in the 1970s. The low fertility rate that South Korea is now facing is considered a national crisis and the Program represents the government’s will to solve the crisis through medical technologies. However, the bodies of women are still considered objects in TFR statistics, much as they were in the 1970s. This has led to a situation in which the health and even the lives of women are being endangered once again

scholarly journals Planning a family in Nairobi’s informal settlements: results of a qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona A. Towriss ◽  
Donatien Beguy ◽  
Alison Wringe ◽  
Barwako Hassan Hussein ◽  
Ian M. Timæus
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Childbearing Intentions

AbstractChildbearing intentions among women in high-fertility contexts are usually classified into those wanting to have a baby, those wanting to ‘space’ a birth and those wanting to ‘limit’ their family size. However, evidence from Africa increasingly suggests that women’s intentions are more complex than this classification suggests, and that there is fluidity in these intentions. This research explores women’s accounts of their childbearing intentions and decisions in order to examine how this fluidity plays out in a low-fertility context in urban Africa. Six focus group discussions were conducted in April and May 2012 with women of reproductive age in Nairobi, Kenya. Participants were recruited using random and purposive sampling techniques. The focus group discussions had an average of seven participants each. Data were coded thematically and analysed using Nvivo software. The analysis explored the factors that women consider to be influential for childbearing and found that the health of the mother and child, costs of raising a child and relationships were commonly reported to be important. Evidence of intentions to space births and limit family size was found. However, the data also showed that there is fluidity in women’s family planning intentions, driven by changes in relationships or household finances, which often result in a desire to avoid pregnancy in the present moment. The fluidity observed in women’s childbearing intentions cannot be accounted for by the concepts of either ‘spacing’ or ‘limitation’ but is best explained by the concept of ‘postponement’. The research reveals the need for family planning clinics to provide a full method mix, as well as high-quality counselling, to enable women to choose a method that best suits their needs.

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