Individual Differences in Auditory Electric Responses: Comparisons of Between-Subject and Within-Subject Variability. V. Amplitude-variability Comparisons in Early, Middle, and Late Responses

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Lauter ◽  
Roanne G. Karzon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Amplitude Variability ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

scholarly journals Importance of between and within Subject Variability in Extracellular Vesicle Abundance and Cargo when Performing Biomarker Analyses

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Newman ◽  
Alia Fahmy ◽  
Michael J. Sorich ◽  
Oliver G. Best ◽  
Andrew Rowland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) have emerged as a potential rich source of biomarkers in human blood and present the intriguing potential for a ‘liquid biopsy’ to track disease and the effectiveness of interventions. Recently, we have further demonstrated the potential for EV derived biomarkers to account for variability in drug exposure. This study sought to evaluate the variability in abundance and cargo of global and liver-specific circulating sEV, within (diurnal) and between individuals in a cohort of healthy subjects (n = 10). We present normal ranges for EV concentration and size and expression of generic EV protein markers and the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) in samples collected in the morning and afternoon. EV abundance and cargo was generally not affected by fasting, except CD9 which exhibited a statistically significant increase (p = 0.018). Diurnal variability was observed in the expression of CD81 and ASGR1, which significantly decreased (p = 0.011) and increased (p = 0.009), respectively. These results have potential implications for study sampling protocols and normalisation of biomarker data when considering the expression of sEV derived cargo as a biomarker strategy. Specifically, the novel finding that liver-specific EVs exhibit diurnal variability in healthy subjects should have broad implications in the study of drug metabolism and development of minimally invasive biomarkers for liver disease.

Head positioning control in a gravito-inertial field and in normal gravity

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
Frédéric Sarès ◽  
Christophe Bourdin ◽  
Jean-Michel Prieur ◽  
Jean-Louis Vercher ◽  
Jean-Pierre Menu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Positioning Control ◽  
Head Positioning ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Vector Orientation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Within Subject Variability

The way in which the head is controlled in roll was investigated by dissociating the body axis and the gravito-inertial force orientation. Seated subjects (N = 8) were requested to align their head with their trunk, 30° to the left, 30° to the right or with the gravito-inertial vector, before, during (Per Rotation), after off-center rotation and on a tilted chair without rotation (Tilted). The gravito-inertial vector angle during rotation and the chair tilt angle were identical (17°). The subjects were either in total darkness or facing a visual frame that was fixed to the trunk. Both final error and within-subject variability of head positioning increased when the body axis and the gravito-inertial vector were dissociated (Per Rotation and Tilted). However, the behavior was different depending on whether the subjects were in the Tilted or Per Rotation conditions. The presentation of the visual frame reduced the within-subject variability and modified the perception of the gravito-inertial vector's orientation on the tilted chair. As head positioning with respect to the body and sensing of the gravito-inertial vector are modified when body axis and gravito-inertial vector orientation are dissociated, the observed decrease in performance while executing motor tasks in a gravito-inertial field may be at least in part attributed to the inaccurate sensing of head position.

Reproducibility of the growth hormone response to stimulation with growth hormone-releasing hormone plus arginine during lifespan

1996 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rosa Valetto ◽  
Jaele Bellone ◽  
Claudia Baffoni ◽  
Paola Savio ◽  
Gianluca Aimaretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Hormone Response ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Valetto MR, Bellone J, Baffoni C, Savio P, Aimaretti G, Gianotti L, Arvat E, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Reproducibility of the growth hormone response to stimulation with growth hormone-releasing hormone plus arginine during lifespan. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:568–72. ISSN 0804–4643 The reliability and reproducibility of provocative stimuli of growth hormone (GH) secretion in the diagnosis of GH deficiency are still controversial both in childhood and in adulthood. The combined administration of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and arginine (ARG), which likely acts via inhibition of hypothalamic somatostatin release, is one of the most potent stimuli known so far and has been proposed recently as the best test to explore the maximal somatotrope capacity of somatotrope cells. However, it is well known that, usually, provocative stimuli of GH secretion suffer from poor reproducibility and that of the GHRH + ARG test has still to be verified. We aimed to verify the between- and within-subject variability of the GH response to the GHRH + ARG test in normal subjects during their lifespan as well as in hypopituitaric patients with GH deficiency (GHD). In 10 normal children (C: six male and four female, age 12.3 ± 0.9 years, body mass index (BMI) = 16.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2, pubertal stages I-III), 18 normal young adults (Y: ten male and eight female, age 31.1 ± 1.3 years, BMI = 21.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2), 12 normal elderly subjects (E: two male and ten female, age 74.4 ± 1.8 years, BMI= 22.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2) and 15 panhypopituitaric GH-deficient patients (GHD: nine male and six female, age 40.9 ± 4.1 years, BMI= 22.7 ± 1.0 kg/m2), we studied the inter- and intra-individual variability of the GH response to GHRH (1 μg/kg iv) + ARG (0.5 g/kg iv) in two different sessions at least 3 days apart. The GH responses to GHRH + ARG in C (1st vs 2nd session: 61.6 ± 8.1 vs 66.5 ± 9.4 μg/l), Y (70.4 ± 10.1 vs 76.2 ± 10.7 μg/l) and E (57.9 ± 14.8 vs 52.1 ± 8.0 μg/l) were similar and reproducible in all groups. The somatotrope responsiveness to GHRH + ARG also showed a limited within-subject variability (r = 0.71, 0.90 and 0.89 and p < 0.02, 0.0005 and 0.0005 for C, Y and E, respectively). Similarly in GHD, the GH response to the GHRH + ARG test showed a good inter- (1st vs 2nd session: 2.3 ± 0.5 vs 2.2 ± 0.6 μg/l) and intra-individual reproducibility (r = 0.70, p < 0.005). The GHRH + ARG-induced GH responses in GHD were markedly lower (p < 0.0005) than those in age-matched controls and no overlap was found between GH peak responses in GHD and normal subjects. In normal subjects, the GH response to GHRH + ARG is very marked, independent of age and shows limited inter- and intra-individual variability. The GH response to the GHRH + ARG test is strikingly reduced in panhypopituitaric patients with GHD, in whom the low somatotrope responsiveness is reproducible. Thus, these findings strengthen the hypothesis that GHRH + ARG should be considered the most reliable test to evaluate the maximal secretory capacity of somatotrope cells and to distinguish normal subjects from GHD patients in adulthood. E. Ghigo, Divisione di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Molinette, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy

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