scholarly journals Social Status Differences in Altruism, Fairness and Retaliatory Defection in an Unequal Country

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Salgado ◽  
Javier Núñez ◽  
Bernardo Mackenna
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Subjective Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Behavioral Games ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Previous research has claimed that higher-status individuals tend to be less prosocial than lower-status individuals, especially under conditions of inequality. It is also argued that lower-status individuals have more hostile reactions and more retaliatory defection to non-cooperators. Thus, low-status individuals are expected to be both prosocial and antisocial. Using simple behavioral games, we study the relationship of the objective and subjective socioeconomic status of individuals with altruism, fairness, and retaliatory defection in Chile, a country characterized by deeply entrenched socioeconomic inequality and segregation. Study 1 shows that under manipulated economic inequality conditions, higher objective status participants are more altruistic when enjoying a slight financial advantage. In contrast, lower objective status participants did not condition their altruistic behavior to their relative economic rank. Study 2 shows that manipulated economic inequality did not moderate the relationship between social status (either objective or subjective) and fairness. Finally, Study 3 indicates that participants of lower subjective status retaliated more strongly against non-cooperative peers. These results qualify the allegedly negative effect of social status on prosocial and antisocial behavior under conditions of socioeconomic inequality.

Tongues, a Sign for Unbelievers?: A Structural and Exegetical Study of I Corinthians XIV. 20–25

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Johanson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Logical Relation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Positive Effect

I Corinthians xiv. 20–25 has long posed severalcruces interpretationisfor commentators. The basic problems concern the relationship of the assertions made about tongues and prophecy in υ. 22 to the quotation of Isa. xxviii. 11–12 in υ. 21 and to the illustrations concerning tongues and prophecy in υυ. 23–5. As to the quotation, J. Ruef remarks that most commentators admit to the difficulty of seeing how it substantiates Paul's conclusion that tongues are meant as a sign for the unbeliever. Concerning the illustrations, both J. Héring and J. P. M. Sweet note that in the light of the assertions we would expect them to be the reverse of what they are. While tongues are asserted to be meant as a sign for unbelievers and prophecy for believers, the illustrations depict the negative effect of tongues upon unbelievers and the positive effect of prophecy not on believers but upon unbelievers. The second assertion (υ. 22b) in particular contradicts the second illustration (υυ. 24–5) in that it clearly states that ‘prophecy is meant as a signnot for unbelieversbut for believers’. This is so if σημεĩον is taken in a positive sense. If, on the other hand, it is taken in a negative sense, the logical relation of this second illustration to the second assertion becomes ambiguous.

Employer Attitudes Toward Hiring Ex-Offenders

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHELLEY ALBRIGHT ◽  
FURJEN DENQ
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Employer Attitudes ◽  
Government Incentives ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purposes of this article are to determine (a) employer attitudes toward hiring ex-offenders and (b) how these attitudes are affected by the level of training the ex-offender received while incarcerated, government incentives to hire, type of offense committed, and the relationship of the crime to the job to be filled. Eighty-three Houston and Dallas employers were surveyed on their attitudes toward hiring ex-offenders. In general, although the initial willingness to hire ex-offenders was low among employers, other findings indicate that the level of education, government incentives, and the relationship of the crime to the job increase employer willingness to hire an ex-offender. The type of offense, however, when disclosed, appears to have a negative effect on employers' willingness to hire, especially toward those with violent and sexual crimes as well as crimes against children. Limitations and policy applications of the findings are also discussed.

scholarly journals Internet Usage and Academic Achievement of Adolescents of West Bengal: An Exploratory Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Bikram Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Higher Secondary Education ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Present study is a process to find out the effect of internet usage on the academic achievement of adolescents of West Bengal, specifically on the students of Higher Secondary level under the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. To study the impact thoroughly the investigator divided internet usage into three categories- Educational usage, Communicational usage and Recreational usage. Intending to fetch out the relationship of different types of internet usage with students’ academic achievement as well as the gender difference regarding the internet usage, the researcher formulated some null hypotheses. To go through this study the investigator administered an internet usage questionnaire on 138 class XI students, selected by purposive sampling method from different schools under WBCHSE. Percentage of marks obtained by the adolescents in Madhyamik examination was treated as the academic achievement by them. The investigator used Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Independent Sample‘t’ test for testing the hypotheses. By the end of the study it was seen that Educational usage and Communicational usage of internet had no effect on their academic achievements, but there was negative effect of Recreational internet usage on their academic achievement. Also, boys and girls differed significantly in respect to their different internet usage.

scholarly journals The Cartography of Love in Doris Lessing’s “love, again”

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Lilia Miroshnychenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Doris Lessing ◽  
Female Character ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Alain Badiou ◽  
Healing Power ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Emotional Landscape

In her late novel, love, again (1996), Doris Lessing represents a penetrative insight of love, providing the widest perspective of love than in any of her previous work. The abundance and variety of plausible les affaires d’amour, which transgress the boundaries of gender, age, geography, and social status, make love, again Lessing’s most “loveful” novel. The narrative responds to this multiplicity accordingly. The essay explores the theme of romantic love of the central female character, Sarah Durham, who is at the centre of the narrative and whose emotional landscape is meticulously mapped. It also aims to unveil the ways Doris Lessing exploits a longstanding tradition of interpreting love in Western philosophy and culture – from Plato to contemporary theorists, including Alain Badiou. Special attention is paid to the interweaving of love and friendship in the relationship of woman and man as well as friendship’s “healing” power for unrequited love encapsulated in the character of Stephen Ellington-Smith. Also, by tracing the transformative impulse of love, the essay tries to bring light on the constructive (in the case of Sarah) and problematic (Stephen) consequences of love.

scholarly journals SOCIAL STATUS AS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC CATEGORY (BASED ON CH. DICKENS`S NOVEL "GREAT EXPECTATIONS")

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
A. G. Burdina ◽  
I. V. Gerasimenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the linguistic characteristics of various social groups in the work of the English novelist Ch. Dickens “Great Expectations”. The authors analyzed and systematized the data obtained in the course of comparing the speech of people with different social status. Defining the relationship of language and social status, the authors found that the concept of social status can be viewed in several ways: as a mutual expectation realized at the speech level; as an awareness of the personality of their position in society, as well as the manifestation of personal qualities in the implementation of social status. In the course of comparative analysis, the authors highlight the following relationships of speech with the speaker’s status, such indicators of the speaker’s social status appear to be character`s rich vocabulary, use of reduced vocabulary, ability to make up grammatically correct a sentence, ability to maintain the conversation and follow ethical norms in speech.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document