scholarly journals Personality differences between sex and sexual orientation group

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Orientation Group ◽  
Hormonal Exposure ◽  
Domain Level

It has been argued that because some biological underpinnings affecting personality occur in a continuum (e.g. hormonal exposure), personality scores in a given population should also occur in a continuum. Personality sex differences have been widely studied but these do not allow to study personality as a continuum. To tackle this limitation, Lippa (2001) suggested using sexual orientation. The Shift and the Inversion Hypotheses have been proposed to predict how the personality scores of homosexual participants would differ from their heterosexual counterparts. However, these efforts have been largely ignored. This study used a large UK sample to compare these hypotheses using personality scores at the facet and domain level. The results suggested that there was evidence for the Shift and the Inversion Hypotheses at the facet level, but these patterns were obscured at domain level where groups tended to cluster according to sexual orientation. Moreover, Neuroticism was often responsible for the largest differences across groups at facet and domain level.

Sexual Orientation

2019 ◽  
pp. 264-295
Author(s):  
Bonnie Moradi ◽  
Stephanie L. Budge
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Orientation Group

The clinical need for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ+) affirmative psychotherapies has been widely recognized; however, empirical research on the outcomes of such psychotherapies is limited. This chapter begins by offering definitions and delineating four key themes of LGBQ+ affirmative psychotherapies. The authors conceptualize LGBQ+ affirmative psychotherapies not as sexual orientation group specific but rather as considerations and practices that can be applied with all clients. The chapter then summarizes a search for studies to attempt a meta-analysis and discusses limitations and directions for research based on this search. The chapter ends by delineating diversity considerations and recommending therapeutic practices for advancing affirmative psychotherapy with clients of all sexual orientations.

Sex Differences in Verbal Operant Conditioning

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Cieutat
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Small Group Discussions ◽  
Verbal Operant ◽  
Conditioning Extinction

Two studies concerned effects of sex of Ss, sex of E, positive vs negative reinforcement (i.e., attention vs inattention), and time trends, on the conditioning and extinction of participation in structured and unstructured small group discussions. Previous results indicated reinforcement is effective only when administered by an E of the same sex as Ss. Present results did not support this expectation and also were not consistent with each other. Exp. I was partly consistent with expectation only when E was male; no conditioning was obtained by female Es. For Exp. II only the female E produced conditioning. Extinction effects in both experiments were inconsistent with expectation. In an earlier study (Cieutat, 1962) and in both Exps. I and II the same four factors were evaluated with some design modification, and were found to interact complexly and significantly ( p < .01, < .10, < .10, respectively). These interactions between sex of E, sex of Ss, reinforcement, and time, though significant in three independent evaluations, were so because of different trends in each case. These differences are discussed in terms of uncontrolled personality differences between Es and Ss.

scholarly journals Neural substrates of sexual arousal are not sex dependent

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (31) ◽  
pp. 15671-15676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Mitricheva ◽  
Rui Kimura ◽  
Nikos K. Logothetis ◽  
Hamid R. Noori
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexual Arousal ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Sexual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Sexual Stimuli

Sexual arousal is a dynamical, highly coordinated neurophysiological process that is often induced by visual stimuli. Numerous studies have proposed that the cognitive processing stage of responding to sexual stimuli is the first stage, in which sex differences occur, and the divergence between men and women has been attributed to differences in the concerted activity of neural networks. The present comprehensive metaanalysis challenges this hypothesis and provides robust quantitative evidence that the neuronal circuitries activated by visual sexual stimuli are independent of biological sex. Sixty-one functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (1,850 individuals) that presented erotic visual stimuli to men and women of different sexual orientation were identified. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation was used to conduct metaanalyses. Sensitivity and clustering analyses of averaged neuronal response patterns were performed to investigate robustness of the findings. In contrast to neutral stimuli, sexual pictures and videos induce significant activations in brain regions, including insula, middle occipital, anterior cingulate and fusiform gyrus, amygdala, striatum, pulvinar, and substantia nigra. Cluster analysis suggests stimulus type as the most, and biological sex as the least, predictor for classification. Contrast analysis further shows no significant sex-specific differences within groups. Systematic review of sex differences in gray matter volume of brain regions associated with sexual arousal (3,723 adults) did not show any causal relationship between structural features and functional response to visual sexual stimuli. The neural basis of sexual arousal in humans is associated with sexual orientation yet, contrary to the widely accepted view, is not different between women and men.

The WNBA and Athletic Performance Based on Sexual Orientation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarryd Willis ◽  
Tugral Bek Awrang Zeb ◽  
Joie Haydel ◽  
Juanshu Wu ◽  
Samantha Yim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Bisexual Women ◽  
Lgbtq Rights ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Performance Statistics ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Available Information

The success of Title IX and the LGBTQ rights movement is embodied in the sexual orientation diversity and inclusiveness of the WNBA. This makes the WNBA one of the only sports where a comparison of athletic performance based on sexual orientation is possible. Sex differences in athletic performance emerge during puberty, due in part to increases in circulating testosterone in men. Research has also found that lesbians and bisexual women have more testosterone than straight women. Thus, it is possible that there are differences in women’s athletic performance based on sexual orientation. In this study, we used publicly available information to determine the sexual orientation of current WNBA players and compared performance statistics based on sexuality. Results showed that straight guards and forwards weighed more than lesbians, whereas the reverse was true for centers. Lesbian guards are more accurate shooters with a significantly higher field goal percentage than straight guards, and lesbian forwards recorded marginally more steals and assists than straight forwards. Straight females committed more personal fouls than lesbians, especially if they had a female coach in college (regardless of the sex of their WNBA coach). Aside from these findings, overall performance was similar regardless of athletes’ sexual orientation. We argue that no athlete should be discounted based on sexual orientation, whether straight athletes in women’s sports or gay athletes (like Michael Sam) in men’s sports.

The Stereotype Content of Sexual Orientation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trenton D. Mize ◽  
Bianca Manago
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Lesbian Women ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Orientation Group

The stereotype content model provides a powerful tool to examine influential societal stereotypes associated with social groups. We theorize how stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and a group’s status in society combine to influence societal views of sexual orientation groups—placing particular emphasis on stereotypes of warmth and competence. In two survey experiments, we collect quantitative measures of stereotype content and open-response items on the stereotypes of bisexual individuals. We predict—and find—that gay men and lesbian women face disadvantaging stereotypes; bisexual men and women, however, face the most severely negative stereotypes of any sexual orientation group—with aggregate judgments of low warmth and competence. In the second study, using a diverse sample, we show that stereotypes about sexual orientation groups are largely culturally consensual. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of comparative approaches that consider both advantaged and disadvantaged groups to fully contextualize stereotypes of minority groups.

Sex Differences in Interpersonal Problems: Does Sexual Orientation Moderate?

2013 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbiesiu L. Lee ◽  
Lynn E. Harkless ◽  
Daniel J. Sheridan ◽  
Emily Winakur ◽  
Blaine J. Fowers
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Interpersonal Problems
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