scholarly journals Positional biases in predictive processing of intonation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Benjamin Roettger ◽  
Michael Franke ◽  
Jennifer Cole
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
American English ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Lexical Disambiguation ◽  
Early Information ◽  
The Way

Real-time speech comprehension is challenging because communicatively relevant information is distributed throughout the entire utterance. In five mouse tracking experiments on German and American English we probe, if listeners, in principle, use early intonational information to anticipate upcoming referents. Listeners had to select a speaker intended referent with their mouse guided by intonational cues, allowing for anticipation by moving their hand toward the referent prior to lexical disambiguation. While German listeners (Exps. 1-3) seemed to ignore early pitch cues, American English listeners (Exps. 4-5) were in principle able to use these early pitch cues to anticipate upcoming referents. However, many listeners showed no indication of doing so. These results suggest that there are important positional asymmetries in the way intonational information is integrated, with early information being paid less attention to than later cues in the utterance. Open data, scripts, and materials can be retrieved here: https://osf.io/xf8be/.

scholarly journals Making ECMWF Open Data more easily accessible via cloud-based services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wagemann ◽  
Umberto Modigliani ◽  
Stephan Siemen ◽  
Vasileios Baousis ◽  
Florian Pappenberger
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Forecast Data ◽  
The Way

<p>The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is moving gradually towards an open data licence , aiming to make real-time forecast data available under a full, free and open data license by 2025. The introduction of open data policies lead in general to an increase in data requests and a broader user base. Therefore a much larger community of diverse users will be interested in accessing, understanding and using ECMWF Open Data (real-time). While an open data license is an important prerequisite, it does not automatically lead to an increased uptake of open data. In order to increase the uptake of (open) data, Wilkinson et al. (2016) defined the FAIR principles, which emphasize the need to make data better ‘findable’, ‘accessible’, ‘interoperable’ and ‘reusable’.</p><p>In 2019, we conducted a web-based survey among users of big Earth data to obtain a better understanding of users’ needs in terms of the data they are interested in, the applications they need the data for, the way they access and process data and the challenges they face. The results show that users are in particular interested in meteorological and climate forecast data, but facing challenges related to the growing data volumes, the data heterogeneity and the limited processing capacities. At the same time, survey respondents showed an interest in using cloud-based services in the near future, but expressed the need for an easier data discovery and the interoperability of data systems. Moreover, an ECMWF supported activity that made a subset of ERA5 climate reanalysis data available to the user community of the Google Earth Engine platform, revealed that interoperability of data systems is a growing bottleneck. </p><p>Conclusions from both activities are helping ECMWF to define the way forward to make ECMWF Open Data (real-time) better accessible via cloud-based services. In this presentation we would like to share and discuss lessons learned to make open data more easily ‘accessible’ and ‘interoperable’ and the role cloud-based services play in doing so. We will also cover our future plans.</p>

Towards guaranteed data-integrity: A method of preventing Questionable Research Practices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick Bierman ◽  
Jacob Jolij
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Major Aspect ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Integrity System ◽  
Secure Server

We have tested the feasibility of a method to prevent the occurrence of so-called Questionable Research Practices (QRP). A part from embedded pre-registration the major aspect of the system is real-time uploading of data on a secure server. We outline the method, discuss the drop-out treatment and compare it to the Born-open data method, and report on our preliminary experiences. We also discuss the extension of the data-integrity system from secure server to use of blockchain technology.

Nowcasting global trade in goods and services

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Fernando Cantú-Bazaldúa
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dynamic Factor Models ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
World Economic

World economic aggregates are compiled infrequently and released after considerable lags. There are, however, many potentially relevant series released in a timely manner and at a higher frequency that could provide significant information about the evolution of global aggregates. The challenge is then to extract the relevant information from this multitude of indicators and combine it to track the real-time evolution of the target variables. We develop a methodology based on dynamic factor models adapted for variables with heterogeneous frequencies, ragged ends and missing data. We apply this methodology to nowcast global trade in goods in goods and services. In addition to monitoring these variables in real time, this method can also be used to obtain short-term forecasts based on the most up-to-date values of the underlying indicators.

Development of a flow-based planning support system based on open data for the City of Atlanta

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-224
Author(s):  
Ge Zhang ◽  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Subhrajit Guhathakurta ◽  
Nisha Botchwey
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Community Planning ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Data Movement ◽  
Planning Support ◽  
Planning Support System ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
The City

Open data have come of age with many cities, states, and other jurisdictions joining the open data movement by offering relevant information about their communities for free and easy access to the public. Despite the growing volume of open data, their use has been limited in planning scholarship and practice. The bottleneck is often the format in which the data are available and the organization of such data, which may be difficult to incorporate in existing analytical tools. The overall goal of this research is to develop an open data-based community planning support system that can collect related open data, analyze the data for specific objectives, and visualize the results to improve usability. To accomplish this goal, this study undertakes three research tasks. First, it describes the current state of open data analysis efforts in the community planning field. Second, it examines the challenges analysts experience when using open data in planning analysis. Third, it develops a new flow-based planning support system for examining neighborhood quality of life and health for the City of Atlanta as a prototype, which addresses many of these open data challenges.

scholarly journals Development of a New KPI for the Economic Quantification of Six Big Losses and Its Implementation in a Cyber Physical System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 9154
Author(s):  
Paula Morella ◽  
María Pilar Lambán ◽  
Jesús Royo ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez ◽  
Jaime Latapia
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this work is to develop a new Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that can quantify the cost of Six Big Losses developed by Nakajima and implements it in a Cyber Physical System (CPS), achieving a real-time monitorization of the KPI. This paper follows the methodology explained below. A cost model has been used to accurately develop this indicator together with the Six Big Losses description. At the same time, the machine tool has been integrated into a CPS, enhancing the real-time data acquisition, using the Industry 4.0 technologies. Once the KPI has been defined, we have developed the software that can turn these real-time data into relevant information (using Python) through the calculation of our indicator. Finally, we have carried out a case of study showing our new KPI results and comparing them to other indicators related with the Six Big Losses but in different dimensions. As a result, our research quantifies economically the Six Big Losses, enhances the detection of the bigger ones to improve them, and enlightens the importance of paying attention to different dimensions, mainly, the productive, sustainable, and economic at the same time.

Second Language Sentence Processing

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-256
Author(s):  
Holger Hopp
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
First Language ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Grammar Acquisition ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Incomplete Form

Second language (L2) sentence processing research studies how adult L2 learners understand sentences in real time. I review how L2 sentence processing differs from monolingual first-language (L1) processing and outline major findings and approaches. Three interacting factors appear to mandate L1–L2 differences: ( a) capacity restrictions in the ability to integrate information in an L2; ( b) L1–L2 differences in the weighting of cues, the timing of their application, and the efficiency of their retrieval; and ( c) variation in the utility functions of predictive processing. Against this backdrop, I outline a novel paradigm of interlanguage processing, which examines bilingual features of L2 processing, such as bilingual language systems, nonselective access to all grammars, and processing to learn an L2. Interlanguage processing goes beyond the traditional framing of L2 sentence processing as an incomplete form of monolingual processing and reconnects the field with current approaches to grammar acquisition and the bilingual mental lexicon.

Soldier photography: visualising the war in Iraq

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIAM KENNEDY
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
War In Iraq ◽  
Digital Generation ◽  
Everyday Experiences ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article focuses on the production and dissemination of photographic images by serving US soldiers in Iraq who are photographing their experiences and posting them on the Internet. This form of visual communication – in real time and communal – is new in the representation of warfare; in earlier wars soldiers took photographs, but these were not immediately shared in the way websites can disseminate images globally. This digital generation of soldiers exist in a new relationship to their experience of war; they are now potential witnesses and sources within the documentation of events, not just the imaged actors – a blurring of roles that reflects the correlations of revolutions in military and media affairs. This photography documents the everyday experiences of the soldiers and its historical significance may reside less in the controversial or revelatory images but in more mundane documentation of the environments, activities and feelings of American soldiery at war.

scholarly journals Risk of Lyme disease development after a tick bite

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovan Mladenovic ◽  
Radovan Cekanac ◽  
Novica Stajkovic ◽  
Milena Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Tick Bite ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Tick Attachment ◽  
The Way

Background/Aim. Despite numerous research of Lyme disease (LD), there are still many concerns about environmental of infectious agent of LD, as well as its prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this work was to determine the risk of LD in relation to the way of removing ticks and duration of tick attachment. Methods. In the period from 2000 to 2007 a prospective study was conducted including persons with tick bite referred to the Institute of Epidemiology, Military Medical Academy, and followed for the occurrence of early Lyme disease up to six months after a tick bite. Epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect relevant information about the place and time of tick bites, the way of a removing tick, duration of tick attachment, remnants of a tick left in the skin (parts of the mouth device) and the signs of clinical manifestations of LD. Duration of tick attachment was determined on the basis of size of engorged tick and epidemiological data. Removed ticks were determined by the key of Pomerancev. Professional removing of attached tick was considered to be removing of tick with mechanical means by healthcare personnel. Fisher's exact test, Chi squares test and calculation of the relative risk (RR) were used for data analysis. Results. Of 3 126 patients with tick bite, clinical manifestations of LD were demonstrated in 19 (0.61%). In the group of subjects (n = 829) in which a tick was not removed professionally there were 17 (2.05%) cases with LD, while in the group of respondents (n=2 297) in who a tick was removed professionally there were 2 (0.09%) cases with LD after tick bite (RR, 23.55; p < 0.0001). The disease was most frequent in the group of respondents with incompletely and unprofessionally removed ticks (2.46%). In the groups of patients with unprofessionally but completely removed ticks LD occurred in 0.89%, while in the group of subjects with a tick removed by an expert, but incompletely in 0.78% cases. The disease occurred rarely in the group with a tick removed completely and professionally (0.05%). There was no case of LD in the group of patients with a tick removed within 24 hours. The longer time of exposure after 24 hours, the higher absolute risk of disease was reported. Conclusion. In prevention of Lyme disease it is important to urgent remove a tick, to use a correct procedure of removing and to remove the whole tick without any remnants.

scholarly journals A New Conceptual Model for Adiabatic Fog

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Toledo ◽  
Martial Haeffelin ◽  
Eivind Wærsted ◽  
Jean-Charles Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Liquid Water Path ◽  
Horizontal Visibility ◽  
Fog Water ◽  
Water Path ◽  
The Way

Abstract. We propose a new paradigm to describe the temporal evolution of continental fog layers. This paradigm defines fog as a layer saturated from the surface to a known upper boundary, and whose liquid water path (LWP) exceeds a critical value, the critical liquid water path (CLWP). When the LWP is less than the CLWP the fog water cannot extend all the way to the surface, leading to a surface horizontal visibility greater than 1 km. On the opposite, when the LWP is larger than the CLWP, the fog water extends all the way to the surface, inducing a horizontal visibility less than 1 km. The excess water with respect to the critical value is then defined as the reservoir liquid water path (RLWP). The new fog paradigm is formulated as a conceptual model that relates the liquid water path of adiabatic fog with its thickness and surface liquid water content, and allows the critical and reservoir liquid water paths to be computed. Both variables can be tracked in real time using vertical profiling measurements, enabling a real time diagnostic of fog status. The conceptual model is tested using data from seven years of measurements performed at the SIRTA observatory, combining cloud radar, microwave radiometer, ceilometer, scatterometer and weather station measurements. In this time period we found 80 fog events with reliable measurements, with 56 of these lasting more than three hours. The paper presents the conceptual model and its capability to derive the LWP from the fog CTH and surface horizontal visibility with an RMS uncertainty of 10.5 g m−2. The impact of fog liquid water path and fog top height variations on fog life cycle (formation to dissipation) is presented based on four case studies, and statistics derived from 56 fog events. Our results show in particular that the reservoir liquid water path is consistently positive during the mature phase of the fog and that it starts to decrease quasi monotonously about one hour before dissipation, reaching a near-zero value at the time of dissipation. The reservoir liquid water path and its time derivative could hence be used as an indicator for life cycle stage and support short range forecasting of fog dissipation.

scholarly journals Experiments of an IoT-based wireless sensor network for flood monitoring in Colima, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mendoza-Cano ◽  
R. Aquino-Santos ◽  
J. López-de la Cruz ◽  
R. M. Edwards ◽  
A. Khouakhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Flood Monitoring

Abstract Urban flooding is one of the major issues in many parts of the world, and its management is often challenging. One of the challenges highlighted by the hydrology and related communities is the need for more open data and monitoring of floods in space and time. In this paper, we present the development phases and experiments of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based wireless sensor network for hydrometeorological data collection and flood monitoring for the urban area of Colima-Villa de Álvarez in Mexico. The network is designed to collect fluvial water level, soil moisture and weather parameters that are transferred to the server and to a web application in real-time using IoT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol over 3G and Wi-Fi networks. The network is tested during three different events of tropical storms that occurred over the area of Colima during the 2019 tropical cyclones season. The results show the ability of the smart water network to collect real-time hydrometeorological information during extreme events associated with tropical storms. The technology used for data transmission and acquisition made it possible to collect information at critical times for the city. Additionally, the data collected provided essential information for implementing and calibrating hydrological models and hydraulic models to generate flood inundation maps and identify critical infrastructure.

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