scholarly journals Waiting longer, feeling fatter: Effects of response delay on tactile distance estimation and confidence in females with anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manja Engel ◽  
Stephen Gadsby ◽  
Andrew W Corcoran ◽  
Anouk Keizer ◽  
H. Chris Dijkerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Perceptual Differences ◽  
The Relationship

Research suggests that anorexia nervosa (AN) patients overestimate their own body size. However, researchers are divided over whether this overestimation stems from perceptual or non-perceptual differences. In this study, we investigated the influence of non-perceptual factors in tactile size estimation, in a sample of AN patients (N = 30), recovered AN (REC) patients (N = 29) and healthy controls (N=31), by manipulating the role of allowed response time. We further investigated the relationship between allowed response time and participants’ confidence in their tactile judgments. Participants were asked to estimate tactile distances presented on the skin of either a salient (abdomen) or non-salient (arm) body part, either directly after stimulus presentation or after a 5 second delay. Confidence of estimation accuracy was measured after each response. Results showed that allowing AN and REC more time to respond caused them to estimate tactile distances as larger. Additionally, AN patients became less confident when given more time to respond. These results suggest that non-perceptual influences cause AN patients to increase their estimates of tactile distances and become less certain of these estimates. We suggest that previous findings—where AN patients estimate tactile distances as larger than HC—may be due to non-perceptual differences.

Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Body Image Disturbances

Despite much recent interest in the objective measurement of body image in anorexia nervosa, many questions remain regarding basic mechanisms responsible for the findings as well as their meaning in the disorder. It is unclear if “whole body” measures assess the same underlying phenomena as the “body part” method, and it is unclear if body image disturbances are etiologic or a byproduct of anorexia nervosa. The possible association between self-esteem and body satisfaction and the relationship of the latter variable to actual size estimation supports the hypothesis that size perception may be closely tied to satisfaction with non-physical aspects of self. Finally it must be determined if over estimation is a function of a general psychological disturbance or of a deficit of specific interest in this disorder. Despite these questions, the way in which anorexic patients see themselves as well as the cognitive and affective responses to this perception remains an interesting and potentially fruitful area of study with this disorder.

scholarly journals No One is on My Side: The Role of Abuse in Eating Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Seijo
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
General Question ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
World Science ◽  
The Relationship

Eating disorders are considered some of the most difficult to treat and have the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders (Agras, 2001). Among them, anorexia nervosa is one of the psychiatric diagnoses with the highest mortality rate (Arcelus et al., 2011). In a longitudinal study conducted by Bulkin et al. (2007) from 1980 to 2005, it was found that – 80 – General question of world science applying medication and working with behavior yielded inconclusive results (Openshaw, et al. 2004). If eating disorders were solely dependent on food, it would make sense that changing eating behaviors makes it easier to get out of the disorder. Unfortunately, however, this is often not the case. The clinical case presented here is a clear example of the relationship between eating disorders and trauma, particularly sexual, emotional, power, and physical abuse.

Interoceptive predictors of time estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryne Van Hedger ◽  
Kelly E. Faig ◽  
Elizabeth A. Necka ◽  
Greg Norman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Baseline Heart Rate ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Time estimation accuracy is essential for many activities in daily life. Interoception, the process of detecting internal bodily signals, has been theorized to contribute to accurate time estimation. The present study examines the relationship between interoception, broadly conceptualized to incorporate both interoceptive accuracy and self-reported body perception, and time estimation accuracy at short (sub-second) and long (multi-second) intervals. We assessed baseline heart rate and high frequency heart rate variability, then participants (n = 63) completed a heartbeat detection task to measure interoceptive accuracy, a self-reported measure of body perception, and time reproduction and production estimation tasks. Using multivariate regression, we found that interoceptive accuracy significantly predicted long interval accuracy on the production task; however, individuals with higher interoceptive accuracy produced shorter, not necessarily more accurate, intervals on this task. Body perception was not related to time estimation. Our findings provide limited support for the role of interoception in time estimation.

scholarly journals Prosody and the development of comprehension

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cutler ◽  
David A. Swinney
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Underlying Representation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTFour studies are reported in which young children's response time to detect word targets was measured. Children under about six years of age did not show the response time advantage for accented target words which adult listeners show. When semantic focus of the target word was manipulated independently of accent, children of about five years of age showed an adult-like response time advantage for focussed targets, but children younger than five did not. It is argued that the processing advantage for accented words reflects the semantic role of accent as an expression of sentence focus. Processing advantages for accented words depend on the prior development of representations of sentence semantic structure, including the concept of focus. The previous literature on the development of prosodic competence shows an apparent anomaly in that young children's productive skills appear to outstrip their receptive skills; however, this anomaly disappears if very young children's prosody is assumed to be produced without an underlying representation of the relationship between prosody and semantics.

scholarly journals Dissociation and Suicidality in Eating Disorders: The Mediating Function of Body Image Disturbances, and the Moderating Role of Depression and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 4027
Author(s):  
Yael Doreen Lewis ◽  
Shirley Kapon ◽  
Adi Enoch-Levy ◽  
Amit Yaroslavsky ◽  
Eliezer Witztum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Body Image Disturbances ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

In patients with eating disorders (EDs), elevated dissociation may increase the risk of suicide. Bodily related disturbances, depression, and anxiety may intervene in the association between dissociation and suicidality. In this study we aimed to examine the influence of bodily related disturbances, depression, anxiety, severity of ED symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and type and duration of the ED on the relationship between elevated dissociation and elevated suicidality. The study included 172 inpatients: 65 with anorexia nervosa restricting type, 60 with anorexia nervosa binge/purge type, and 37 with bulimia nervosa. Participants were assessed using self-rating questionnaires for dissociation, suicidality, bodily related parameters, and severity of ED symptomatology, depression, and anxiety. We found that dissociation and suicidality were directly associated. In addition, depression and anxiety moderated the mediating role of body image parameters in the association between increased dissociation and increased suicidality. Thus, only in inpatients with high depression and anxiety, i.e., above the median range, body image disturbances were found to mediate the association between dissociation and suicidality. ED-related parameters did not moderate these relationships. Our study demonstrates that in inpatients with EDs, increased dissociation may be significantly associated with increased suicidality, both directly and via the intervening influence of body image, depression, and anxiety.

scholarly journals No One is on My Side: The Role of Abuse in Eating Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Seijo
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
The Relationship

Eating disorders are considered some of the most difficult to treat and have the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders (Agras, 2001). Among them, anorexia nervosa is one of the psychiatric diagnoses with the highest mortality rate (Arcelus et al., 2011). In a longitudinal study conducted by Bulkin et al. (2007) from 1980 to 2005, it was found that applying medication and working with behavior yielded inconclusive results (Openshaw, et al. 2004). If eating disorders were solely dependent on food, it would make sense that changing eating behaviors makes it easier to get out of the disorder. Unfortunately, however, this is often not the case. The clinical case presented here is a clear example of the relationship between eating disorders and trauma, particularly sexual, emotional, power, and physical abuse.

scholarly journals Attention Network in Interpreters: The Role of Training and Experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour ◽  
Struys ◽  
Stengers
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Network Dynamics ◽  
Attention Network Test ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Attentional Network ◽  
Conflict Effect ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship found between interpreting training and experience and the attentional network components: Alerting, orienting, and executive attention using the Attention Network Test (ANT). In the current study we tested three groups of interpreting students, translation students, and professional interpreters as specific forms of multilingual expertise. The student groups were tested longitudinally at the beginning and the end of their Master’s programme. The professional interpreters were tested only one point in time. The results showed different attention network dynamics for the interpreting students compared to the translation students regarding alertness and executive network. First, the interpreting students showed a higher conflict effect when the alert cue was presented as well as a reduced accuracy compared to translation students. Second, the interpreting training had less effect on alerting than the translation training. Finally, two student groups showed a faster response time in conflict effect than the professional interpreters. In contrast, the professional interpreters scored a higher accuracy than two-student groups specifically in an incongruent alert condition, which confirms that they used a different responding strategy.

Body Size Estimation in Anorexia Nervosa

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (S2) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Whitehouse ◽  
Christopher P. L. Freeman ◽  
Annette Annandale
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Size Perception ◽  
Body Size Estimation

Clinicians who deal with patients with anorexia nervosa are well acquainted with their patients' inability to recognise their emaciation. The patients' insistence that they are normal weight or even overweight, against clear evidence to the contrary, led Bruch (1962) to state that the misperception reaches “delusional proportions”. Studies of body size perception in anorexia nervosa that have used the ‘body part’ method have invariably found that the patients overestimate their body size (Slade & Russell, 1973; Crisp & Kalucy, 1974; Pierloot & Houben, 1978; Garner et al, 1976; Button et al, 1977; Fries, 1977; Casper et al, 1979) but the majority have not found any significant difference in size estimation between patients and controls (Slade, 1985).

scholarly journals What is attention bias variability? Examining the potential roles of attention control and response time variability in its relationship with anxiety

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Clarke ◽  
Welber Marinovic ◽  
Jemma Todd ◽  
Julian Basanovic ◽  
Nigel T. M. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Bias Score ◽  
Response Time Variability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Attention Bias Variability

Recent years have seen increasing interest in the construct of attention bias variability (AB-Var). However, little is known about the cognitive underpinnings of this construct, with some research suggesting that AB-Var may represent an artefact of other processes. The present study examined the underlying role of attention control and response time variability in explaining the relationship between anxiety and two commonly computed measures of AB-Var (‘moving average’ and ‘trial-level bias score’ measures). Participants (final n=195) completed measures of anxiety symptomatology, antisaccade performance (attention control), a stand-alone measure of response-time variability, and a probe task measure of attentional bias. Both measures of AB-Var were significantly associated with anxiety, response time variability, and attention control. Attention control was the single significant statistical mediator of the relationship between anxiety and the trial-level bias score measure of AB-Var. Neither response time variability nor attention control significantly mediated the relationship between anxiety and the moving average measure of AB-Var. No evidence was found for the mediating role of response time variability. The present findings suggest that the relationships observed between anxiety and the trial-level bias score measure of AB-Var in particular may be attributable to the over-arching role of attention control.

scholarly journals What does anorexia nervosa mean? Qualitative study of the representation of the eating disorder, the role of the family and treatment by maternal caregivers

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Marinaci ◽  
Luna Carpinelli ◽  
Giulia Savarese
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Maternal Caregivers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Disorder Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

Background Anorexia nervosa is a serious health problem worldwide. The literature widely recognises the roles of the family and caregivers in modulating the onset, development, maintenance and treatment of this disorder. However, few studies have addressed the problem from the perspective of maternal caregivers. Aims This study aims to fill this gap by exploring how the meaning given to the term ‘eating disorder’ influences how mothers communicate with each other about a family member's health problems, how they present symptoms and how this problem is managed. Method A narrative research project was conducted to capture the mothers’ experiences of living with a daughter diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. In particular, four semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the ways in which they made sense of the disorder, their roles in treatment and their daughters’ treatment experiences. Results The results show that the ways in which mothers characterise the disease guide their method of tackling it and the relationship they have with their daughter, as well as how they see their role in the care and treatment process. Conclusions Anorexia is experienced as something that is uncontainable, and a dimension of its accommodation characterises the relationship between mothers and daughters receiving treatment for the disorder. Treatment is accompanied by a delegating dimension, and the clinical implications are discussed in this study.

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