Eye placement bias is remarkably robust

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/kbzyr ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kirsten Smith ◽

Vera Kempe ◽

Lara Wood

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Age Groups ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Drawing Ability ◽

Potential Confound

When drawing faces, people show a systematic bias of placing the eyes higher up the head than they are placed in reality. The current study investigated the development of this phenomenon while removing the potential confound of drawing ability. Participants (N = 124) in three age groups (3-5yo, 10-11yo, and adults) reconstructed two foam faces, one from observation and one from memory. The high eye placement bias was remarkably robust with mean eye placement in every condition significantly higher than the original faces. The same bias was not shown for mouth placement. Eye placement was highest for the youngest participants and for the memory conditions. The results suggest that an eye placement bias is not caused by the motor skill demands required for drawing and lend evidence to the suggestion that an eye placement bias is caused by perceptual and decision-making processes.

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Eye Placement Bias Is Remarkably Robust

i-Perception ◽

10.1177/20416695211017564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 204166952110175

Author(s):

Kirsten Smith ◽

Vera Kempe ◽

Lara Wood

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Age Groups ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Drawing Ability ◽

Potential Confound

When drawing faces, people show a systematic bias of placing the eyes higher up the head than they are placed in reality. This study investigated the development of this phenomenon while removing the potential confound of drawing ability. Participants ( N = 124) in three age groups (3–5 yo, 10–11 yo, and adults) reconstructed two foam faces: one from observation and one from memory. The high eye placement bias was remarkably robust with mean eye placement in every condition significantly higher than the original faces. The same bias was not shown for mouth placement. Eye placement was highest for the youngest participants and for the memory conditions. The results suggest that an eye placement bias is not caused by the motor skill demands required for drawing and lend evidence to the suggestion that an eye placement bias is caused by perceptual and decision-making processes.

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Age-dependency in binocular rivalry is reflected by exclusive percepts, not mixed percepts

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-55890-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elahe Arani ◽

Raymond van Ee ◽

Richard van Wezel

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Binocular Rivalry ◽

Age Groups ◽

The Other ◽

Perceptual Decision Making ◽

Age Related ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Neural Factors ◽

Inhibitory Interactions

AbstractSome aspects of decision-making are known to decline with normal aging. One of the known perceptual decision-making processes which is vastly studied is binocular rivalry. It is well-established that the older the person, the slower the perceptual dynamics. However, the underlying neurobiological cause is unknown. So, to understand how age affects visual decision-making, we investigated age-related changes in perception during binocular rivalry. In binocular rivalry, the image presented to one eye competes for perceptual dominance with the image presented to the other eye. Perception during binocular rivalry consists of alternations between exclusive percepts. However, frequently, mixed percepts with combinations of the two monocular images occur. The mixed percepts reflect a transition from the percept of one eye to the other but frequently the transitions do not complete the full cycle and the previous exclusive percept becomes dominant again. The transitional idiosyncrasy of mixed percepts has not been studied systematically in different age groups. Previously, we have found evidence for adaptation and noise, and not inhibition, as underlying neural factors that are related to age-dependent perceptual decisions. Based on those conclusions, we predict that mixed percepts/inhibitory interactions should not change with aging. Therefore, in an old and a young age group, we studied binocular rivalry dynamics considering both exclusive and mixed percepts by using two paradigms: percept-choice and percept-switch. We found a decrease in perceptual alternation Probability for older adults, although the rate of mixed percepts did not differ significantly compared to younger adults. Interestingly, the mixed percepts play a very similar transitional idiosyncrasy in our different age groups. Further analyses suggest that differences in synaptic depression, gain modulation at the input level, and/or slower execution of motor commands are not the determining factors to explain these findings. We then argue that changes in perceptual decisions at an older age are the result of changes in neural adaptation and noise.

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Decision-Making and Young People

Journal of Drug Education ◽

10.2190/xjqf-2t62-76a2-g3uh ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mary Rickett ◽

Margaret A. Sheppard

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Young People ◽

Age Groups ◽

Drug Education ◽

Education Programs ◽

Decision Making Processes

Teaching students the skills of making decisions is an integral part of many drug education programs. A series of studies is reported here that looked at the attitudes towards making decisions by several groups of students. Because different age groups perceive making decisions differently we need to take maturational levels into consideration when designing decision-making processes for students.

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Decision-Making in Youth Team-Sports Players: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17113803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 3803 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Filipa Silva ◽

Daniele Conte ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Decision Making ◽

Training Programs ◽

Age Groups ◽

Team Sports ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

High Level ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

And Behavior ◽

Tactical Knowledge

The aim of this systematic review conducted in the topic of youth team-sports players was three-fold: (i) Analyze the variations of decision-making processes between low- and high-level youth players; (ii) analyze the variations of decision-making processes between different age groups; and (iii) analyze the effects of decision-making training-based programs on youth players. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this systematic review searched for studies on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Academic Search Complete, SPORTDiscus, and Taylor & Francis Online. The search returned 6215 papers. After screening the records against set criteria, 26 articles were fully reviewed. From the included studies, 9 were focused on comparing the decision-making process between low- and high-level players, 6 compared the decisions made by players from different age categories, and 11 analyzed the effects of decision-making-based training programs on youth players. Comparisons between high- and low-level players suggested that high-level and most talented players present a greater accuracy in the cognitive and executive answers to the game as well as being more adjustable to more complex situations. Considering the comparisons between age groups, a tendency of older players to execute more accurate decisions in the game and to have better tactical knowledge and behavior was observed. Finally, the effects of decision-making training programs suggest a beneficial effect employing practical scenarios (mainly based on small-sided and conditioned games), primarily improving passing decisions and execution. However, the benefits of interventions using videos are not clear.

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The Effect of Age on Decision Making According to the Iowa Gambling Task

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38858 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 480-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Janaína Castro Núñez Carvalho ◽

Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso ◽

Daniela Shneider-Bakos ◽

Christian Haag Kristensen ◽

Rochele Paz Fonseca

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Iowa Gambling Task ◽

Age Groups ◽

Elderly Adults ◽

Gambling Task ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Brain Changes ◽

The One ◽

Effect Of Age ◽

Two Age Groups

Aging has been associated with several brain changes that often affect the cognitive functioning of adults, but changes in executive functions, particularly in the field of decision making, have not been fully investigated. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used tool to evaluate decision making, but little is known about the effect of age on its results. This study used the IGT and compared healthy young (n= 40) and elderly (n = 40) adults to evaluate their decision making processes. There were significant differences in the learning curve of the two age groups, but no difference in overall IGT performance. The results for the first IGT block were different from those of the rest of the task, and the group of elderly adults had a better performance in this block. Elderly adults also showed a preference for deck A, the one that resulted in greater losses. Findings confirmed the results of other studies, which reported that the IGT block score is the variable with the greatest sensitivity to age in this instrument.

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Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Roche ◽

Arkady Zgonnikov ◽

Laura M. Morett

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Language Processing ◽

Cognitive Effort ◽

Mouse Tracking ◽

Computer Mouse ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Computer Mouse Tracking ◽

Listening Task ◽

Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

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“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Perspectives on Language Learning and Education ◽

10.1044/lle22.1.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erinn Finke ◽

Kathryn Drager ◽

Elizabeth C. Serpentine

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individualized Education Program ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Individual Decision ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Interview Methodology ◽

Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.

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