scholarly journals Process and Content in Decisions from Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Joyce Zhao ◽  
Russell Richie ◽  
Sudeep Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Decision Context

Information stored in memory influences the formation of preferences and beliefs in most everyday decision tasks. The richness of this information, and the complexity inherent in interacting memory and decision processes, makes the quantitative model-driven analysis of such decisions very difficult. In this paper we present a general framework that is capable of addressing the theoretical and methodological barriers to building formal models of naturalistic memory-based decision making. Our framework implements established theories of memory search and decision making within a single integrated cognitive system, and uses computational language models to quantify the thoughts over which memory and decision processes operate. It can thus describe both the content of the information that is sampled from memory, as well as the processes involved in retrieving and evaluating this information in order to make a decision. Furthermore, our framework is tractable, and the parameters that characterize memory-based decisions can be recovered using thought-listing and choice data from existing experimental tasks, and in turn be used to make quantitative predictions regarding choice probability, length of deliberation, retrieved thoughts, and the effects of decision context. We showcase the power and generality of our framework by applying it to study risk perception, consumer behavior, financial decision making, ethical decision making, legal decision making, food choice, and judgments about well-being, society and culture.

scholarly journals Ethics and Total Worker Health®: Constructs for Ethical Decision-Making and Competencies for Professional Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10030
Author(s):  
Bonnie Rogers ◽  
Anita L. Schill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Worker Health ◽  
Total Worker Health

Work has become increasingly technologically driven and fast paced, with long work hours, new/emerging hazards, and rising health care costs. Threats to worker safety, health, and well-being including non-traditional work arrangements and practices, precarious work, uncertain hazardous exposures, and work organization issues, such as heavy workloads, design of work, uneven work hours, and difficult interpersonal relationships among workers and managers are apparent. Furthermore, the relationship between personal health risk factors and workplace risks and exposures has drawn increased attention and concern. As employer economic pressures continue to build, it is anticipated that ethical dilemmas for practitioners will become increasingly complex. A review of relevant Total Worker Health (TWH) literature, related ethical constructs and competencies, an examination of codes of ethics for occupational safety and health and health promotion/education disciplines was conducted. A case study for TWH utilizing an ethical decision-making model for the analysis of key ethical issues and solutions was completed. TWH approaches to protecting safety, promoting health, and advancing well-being are increasingly being adopted. These approaches can reveal ethical dilemmas, and ethical constructs are needed to guide decision-making. A core set of proposed ethical competencies for TWH professionals are identified as a transdisciplinary framework to support workplace ethical culture.

The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna D. Bobek ◽  
Amy M. Hageman ◽  
Robin R. Radtke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Decision Context ◽  
Accounting Professionals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACT This study investigates the degree to which professional role (auditor or tax professional), decision context (an audit or tax environment), and gender influence the ethical decision making of public accounting professionals. The primary analysis, including all 134 accounting professionals who participated in our experiment, indicates that these participants are both less likely to indicate they would concede to a client in a contentious situation and less likely to recommend conceding when they are in an audit as opposed to tax context. Furthermore, work experience in auditing (as opposed to tax) is associated with a decreased likelihood of conceding to the client in both contexts. However, when data for males and females are analyzed separately, professional role, context, and moral intensity are significantly related to males' decision making, but are not significant with respect to females' decisions. This suggests that males and females may use different decision-making processes. Possible theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Food Experience Design to Prevent Unintended Consequences and Improve Well-being

2021 ◽  
pp. 109467052110575
Author(s):  
Michela Addis ◽  
Wided Batat ◽  
S. Sinem Atakan ◽  
Caroline G. Austin ◽  
Danae Manika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Service Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Experience Design ◽  
Novel Food ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Food Experience

This article introduces a novel and comprehensive conceptual framework for designing innovative food experiences that enhance food well-being. We call this framework the novel food experience design. It supports managers in cocreating customer-centric food experiences to limit unintended detrimental consequences and enhance individual and societal food well-being. The novel food experience design (1) employs a systemic (vs. endemic) approach to the innovation process and (2) promotes prioritizing ethical decision-making alongside economic decision-making. Building on insights derived from ecosystem theory and the ethical principles literature, we develop four fundamental propositions to innovate food experiences: do no harm, do good, ensure autonomy, and ensure fairness. Our framework promotes higher levels of individual and societal food well-being than restricted food design innovations, preventing unintended consequences. Finally, we illuminate the implications for service research and practice.

Relationships within the Fraud Diamond: The Decision Processes That Influence Fraudulent Intentions in Online Consumer Fraud

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Harrison ◽  
William N. Dilla ◽  
Brian E. Mennecke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
Online Environments ◽  
Decision Making Model

ABSTRACT Online consumer fraud is a problem with significant consequences. While a substantial body of research examines the strategies used to defraud consumers in online environments, little is known about the decision processes that perpetrators follow before engaging in fraud. To address this issue, we develop an ethical decision-making model of online consumer fraud based on the fraud diamond. The model also includes anonymity, a key feature of online environments, which can influence sellers' ethical decision-making processes. We empirically evaluate the model first by asking participants to consider the misrepresentation of an asset's value in an online transaction, and then by having participants engage in a real-life version of that scenario. Results indicate that perceived anonymity affects the influences of capability, opportunity, and motivation on rationalization. Further, greater perceived anonymity increases the influence of rationalization on one's intent to act.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Two Decades of US EPA’s Ecosystem Services Research to Inform Environmental, Community and Sustainability Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8249
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Harwell ◽  
Chloe A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Structured Decision Making ◽  
Decision Context ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Us Epa

A conceptual framework is helpful to understand what types of ecosystem services (ES) information is needed to support decision making. Principles of structured decision making are helpful for articulating how ES consideration can influence different elements in a given decision context resulting in changes to the environment, human health, and well-being. This article presents a holistic view of an ES framework, summarizing two decades of the US EPA’s ES research, including recent advances in final ES, those ES that provide benefits directly to people. Approximately 150 peer-reviewed publications, technical reports, and book chapters characterize a large ES research portfolio. In introducing framework elements and the suite of relevant US EPA research for each element, both challenges and opportunities are identified. Lessons from research to advance each of the final ES elements can be useful for identifying gaps and future science needs. Ultimately, the goal of this article is to help the reader develop an operational understanding of the final ES conceptual framework, an understanding of the state of science for a number of ES elements, and an introduction to some ES tools, models, and frameworks that may be of use in their case-study applications or decision-making contexts.

scholarly journals A PRACTICE FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERATION OF GENDER IN ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S238-S238
Author(s):  
Sharon Bowland ◽  
Beth Halaas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personal Agency ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Transgender Persons ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Practice Framework ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Gender role stereotypes, social norms and social policies negatively influence health and well-being for marginalized groups. These inequalities are embedded in the fabric of our society and are often unquestioned and hidden. Practitioners frequently use an ethical lens that does not consider the influence of gender on life course decision-making. We developed the Practice Framework for Older Persons (PFOP) to assess past and current realities that take gendered experiences into consideration. By contextualizing means and opportunities, a more complete picture can be drawn about a person’s unique gender experiences. Subsequently, we can better understand their decision-making processes, wants, needs, and desires. This type of assessment may be particularly beneficial for women and transgender persons given ethical demands for practice paradigms which consider gender fluidity and development of a sense of personal agency.

Raising Ethical Machines

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-68
Author(s):  
Marten H. L. Kaas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Impact

The ethical decision-making and behaviour of artificially intelligent systems is increasingly important given the prevalence of these systems and the impact they can have on human well-being. Many current approaches to implementing machine ethics utilize top-down approaches, that is, ensuring the ethical decision-making and behaviour of an agent via its adherence to explicitly defined ethical rules or principles. Despite the attractiveness of this approach, this chapter explores how all top-down approaches to implementing machine ethics are fundamentally limited and how bottom-up approaches, in particular, reinforcement learning methods, are not beset by the same problems as top-down approaches. Bottom-up approaches possess significant advantages that make them better suited for implementing machine ethics.

scholarly journals Increasing ethical decision making through flexible work arrangement

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Zahratika Zalafi ◽  
Bertina Sjabadhyni ◽  
Helmi Suyanto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Life Balance

When faced with a particular ethical dilemma, individuals are expected to make ethical decisions through an ethical decision-making process (EDM). Today’s employees provide added value to organizations that implement flexible arrangements to support employee’s well being and work-life balance. This research was conducted through an online survey on 236 active employees with a minimum age of 22 years old in Indonesia. Likert scales were used to examine the effect of flexible work arrangements (FWA) mediated by work-life balance (WLB) on the level of EDM of individuals in organizations. The mediation results showed that FWA mediated by WLB significantly predicted an increase in individual’s EDM level (b = .359, SE = .116, 95% CI = .152 - .607). Positive implementation of FWA leads to balanced WLB which in turn increased the level of individual EDM.

The misuse of autonomy in ethical decision-making – time for a change?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-203
Author(s):  
Monica Crugel ◽  
Adrian Treloar ◽  
Rafael Euba
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Positive Aspect ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
British Culture

Concepts of personal autonomy and freedom have featured prominently in British social and political history. They are widely regarded as a very positive aspect of British culture. However, the presumption of mental capacity and the privileged status of autonomy over the promotion of well-being may on some occasions result in unnecessary suffering and neglect. Currently, individuals are presumed able to make autonomous decisions about their treatment. Their autonomy can only be challenged through a proactive process, in which the health professional must provide valid arguments for overriding it.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

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