scholarly journals What costs should we expect from the EU’s AI Act?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meeri Haataja ◽  
Joanna J. Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Financial Impacts ◽  
The Impact

This short analysis aims to provide an overview of the anticipated costs caused by the EU’s proposed AI regulation, the AI Act (AIA), to impacted organisations: both providers and deployers of systems containing AI. We focus our analysis at an enterprise level, leaving the macroeconomic discussion for later. While the bulk of the paper explains and critiques the European Commission’s (EC) own analysis we also comment on the critiques raised recently by a high-profile US lobbyist, the Center for Data Innovation, in their report “How Much Will the Artificial Intelligence Act Cost Europe?” We conclude by highlighting topics that would benefit from further elaboration by the EC. As a reminder, the AIA is presently draft legislation, written by the European Commission. While something quite similar can be expected to be implemented ultimately by the European Union’s member states, the legislation is presently in a period of revision by the elected members of the European Parliament, in cooperation and consultation with EU national governments. While the heart of the EU’s regulatory proposal is in safeguarding people against AI risks to health, safety and fundamental rights, we acknowledge the importance of rooting policies in a sound analysis of financial impacts. It is only that way that requirements get translated into solid action plans and finally into actions. The process of such pragmatic analysis, can also get at assumptions and failures of coherence that might otherwise be overlooked. We also, separately, have a longer commentary on the act itself, see “Reflections on the EU’s AI Act and how we could make it even better.”Our analysis of the AIA costs is based on the two main sources: the EC’s Impact Assessment of the AIA, and the EC’s study to support an impact assessment of regulatory requirements for artificial intelligence in Europe. It is noteworthy that while the EC uses the support study as its main source for financial impact assessment, in some contexts, they specifically choose to interpret the figures differently, e.g. by excluding some categories of costs from the impact assessment. For this, it is critical to treat the EC’s impact assessment and the support study as two separate sources. This was one of a number of things apparently missed by the Center for Data Innovation in their report.

scholarly journals A Study of Impact of Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence on Banking Services, Profitability and Operational Benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1617-1627
Author(s):  
Sadhana Tiwari, Shashank Bharadwaj, Dr. Sunil Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Cloud Infrastructure ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Virtual Tools ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Impact

Banks have seen a convergence in end-customer banking interactions over the last decade, owing to IT-enabled solutions and services such as Core Banking, Online Banking, Mobile Banking, Wallet, Wallets Kiosk Banking. The evolution of IT in the banking industry supports both banks and their clients. Banks' business models are now centered on delivering consumer joy via IT-enabled solutions and services. Cloud technology allows banks to follow a digital paradigm for providing novel channels, reducing TAT to market new offerings, fulfilling consumer expectations, and adhering to regulatory requirements at a lower cost. In constantly evolving technical paradigms, cloud-based solutions offer a higher value proposition to IT solutions and services. Device administrators can remotely assemble, upload, customize, and execute virtual tools to manage a business solution using cloud infrastructure. Furthermore, cloud IT technology can be scaled up or down at any time based on planned use and specifications without incurring high costs. To assess the impact of cloud computing and artificial intelligence in operational and service advantage Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique is used. The thesis demonstrates how well the measured variables reflect the number of constructs and whether the estimation hypothesis is confirmed or rejected.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

The impact of regulatory requirements on systemically important banks: Global practices, evidence from Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1085
Author(s):  
E.B. Starodubtseva ◽  
◽  
M.B. Medvedeva ◽  
O.M. Markova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Systemically Important Banks

Trading faces: Complete AI face doubles avoid the uncanny valley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Welker ◽  
David France ◽  
Alice Henty ◽  
Thalia Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Uncanny Valley ◽  
Torture Survivors ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Full Face ◽  
The Impact

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) enable the creation of videos in which a person appears to say or do things they did not. The impact of these so-called “deepfakes” hinges on their perceived realness. Here we tested different versions of deepfake faces for Welcome to Chechnya, a documentary that used face swaps to protect the privacy of Chechen torture survivors who were persecuted because of their sexual orientation. AI face swaps that replace an entire face with another were perceived as more human-like and less unsettling compared to partial face swaps that left the survivors’ original eyes unaltered. The full-face swap was deemed the least unsettling even in comparison to the original (unaltered) face. When rendered in full, AI face swaps can appear human and avoid aversive responses in the viewer associated with the uncanny valley.

Artificial Intelligence as a Business Partner in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine: an Emerging Approach for Disease Detection and Treatment Optimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Visco ◽  
Germano Junior Ferruzzi ◽  
Federico Nicastro ◽  
Nicola Virtuoso ◽  
Albino Carrizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Physician Patient Relationship ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Tailored Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the real world, medical practice is changing hand in hand with the development of new Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and problems from different areas have been successfully solved using AI algorithms. Specifically, the use of AI techniques in setting up or building precision medicine is significant in terms of the accuracy of disease discovery and tailored treatment. Moreover, with the use of technology, clinical personnel can deliver a very much efficient healthcare service. Objective: This article reviews AI state-of-the-art in cardiovascular disease management, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic improvements. Methods: To that end, we conducted a detailed PubMed search on AI application from distinct areas of cardiology: heart failure, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, syncope and cardiovascular rehabilitation. Particularly, to assess the impact of these technologies in clinical decision-making, this research considers technical and medical aspects. Results: On one hand, some devices in heart failure, atrial fibrillation and cardiac rehabilitation represent an inexpensive, not invasive or not very invasive approach to long-term surveillance and management in these areas. On the other hand, the availability of large datasets (big data) is a useful tool to predict the development and outcome of many cardiovascular diseases. In summary, with this new guided therapy, the physician can supply prompt, individualised, and tailored treatment and the patients feel safe as they are continuously monitored, with a significant psychological effect. Conclusion: Soon, tailored patient care via telemonitoring can improve the clinical practice because AI-based systems support cardiologists in daily medical activities, improving disease detection and treatment. However, the physician-patient relationship remains a pivotal step.

The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization— The European Case

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Grimm
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the democratic costs of constitutionalization by focusing on the European case. It first considers the interdependence of democracy and constitutionalism before discussing how constitutionalization can put democracy at risk. It then explores the tension between democracy and fundamental rights, the constitutionalization of the European treaties, and the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) two separate judgments regarding the relationship between European law and national law. It also assesses the impact of the ECJ’s jurisprudence on democracy, especially in the area of economic integration. The chapter argues that the legitimacy problem the EU faces is caused in part by over-constitutionalization and that the remedy to this problem is re-politicization of decisions with significant political implications.

What's Left of the Law of Integration?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Baquero Cruz
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Structural Connections ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Pluralism ◽  
The Impact

This book discusses the impact of the difficult situation the European Union is currently going through on some structural elements of its legal order, looking for symptoms of decay, exploring examples of resistance, and assessing its overall state of health. The original choices made by the drafters of the Treaties and by the Court of Justice are put in their proper historical perspective, understanding Union law as a tool of civilization, and explaining its current problems, at least in part, as a consequence of the waning of the initial impetus behind integration. The concrete themes to be explored are the following: primacy, the national resistance to it and constitutional pluralism; the preliminary rulings procedure; Union citizenship, equality, and human dignity; the scope of the Charter and the standard of protection of fundamental rights; and the rigidity and fragmentation of the Union system in connection with the recent occasional use of international law as an alternative to Union law. The book looks at the development of the law throughout the decades, inevitably losing much detail, but hopefully also uncovering structural connections and continuities.

Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
pp. 624-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagla Rizk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Impact

This chapter looks at the challenges, opportunities, and tensions facing the equitable development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the MENA region in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. While diverse in their natural and human resource endowments, countries of the region share a commonality in the predominance of a youthful population amid complex political and economic contexts. Rampant unemployment—especially among a growing young population—together with informality, gender, and digital inequalities, will likely shape the impact of AI technologies, especially in the region’s labor-abundant resource-poor countries. The chapter then analyzes issues related to data, legislative environment, infrastructure, and human resources as key inputs to AI technologies which in their current state may exacerbate existing inequalities. Ultimately, the promise for AI technologies for inclusion and helping mitigate inequalities lies in harnessing grounds-up youth entrepreneurship and innovation initiatives driven by data and AI, with a few hopeful signs coming from national policies.

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