scholarly journals Big Data and Human Geography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Rowe

Technological advances have enabled the emerge of ‘Big Data’ through the production, processing, analysis and storage of large volumes of digital data. Data that could not previously be stored or used to be captured using analog devices can now be digitally recorded. This chapter identifies and discusses the existing and future challenges and opportunities of Big Data for human geography. Big Data offer high geographic and temporal granularity, extensive coverage and instant information to transform our understanding of human interactions and our social world. At the same time, Big Data present major epistemological, methodological and ethical challenges which need to be addressed to realise these opportunities. I identify the key challenges and actions for the future of human geography emerging from the use of Big Data.

2022 ◽  
pp. 571-589
Author(s):  
Sumathi Doraikannan ◽  
Prabha Selvaraj

Data becomes big data when then the size of data exceeds the ability of our IT systems in terms of 3Vs (volume, velocity, and variety). When the data sets are large and complex, it becomes a great difficult task for handling such voluminous data. This chapter will provide a detailed knowledge of the major concepts and components of big data and also the transformation of big data in to business operations. Collection and storage of big data will not help out in creation of business values. Values and importance are created once when the action starts on data by performing an analysis. Hence, this chapter provides a view on various kinds of analysis that can be done with big data and also the differences between traditional analytics and big data analytics. The transformation of digital data into business values could be in terms of reports, research analyses, recommendations, predictions, and optimizations. In addition to the concept of big data, this chapter discuss about the basic concepts of digital analytics, methods, and techniques for digital analysis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Marie Sandberg ◽  
Luca Rossi

AbstractDigital technologies present new methodological and ethical challenges for migration studies: from ensuring data access in ethically viable ways to privacy protection, ensuring autonomy, and security of research participants. This Introductory chapter argues that the growing field of digital migration research requires new modes of caring for (big) data. Besides from methodological and ethical reflexivity such care work implies the establishing of analytically sustainable and viable environments for the respective data sets—from large-scale data sets (“big data”) to ethnographic materials. Further, it is argued that approaching migrants’ digital data “with care” means pursuing a critical approach to the use of big data in migration research where the data is not an unquestionable proxy for social activity but rather a complex construct of which the underlying social practices (and vulnerabilities) need to be fully understood. Finally, it is presented how the contributions of this book offer an in-depth analysis of the most crucial methodological and ethical challenges in digital migration studies and reflect on ways to move this field forward.


Author(s):  
Maddalena Favaretto ◽  
David Shaw ◽  
Eva De Clercq ◽  
Tim Joda ◽  
Bernice Simone Elger

Big Data and Internet and Communication Technologies (ICT) are being increasingly implemented in the healthcare sector. Similarly, research in the field of dental medicine is exploring the potential beneficial uses of digital data both for dental practice and in research. As digitalization is raising numerous novel and unpredictable ethical challenges in the biomedical context, our purpose in this study is to map the debate on the currently discussed ethical issues in digital dentistry through a systematic review of the literature. Four databases (Web of Science, Pub Med, Scopus, and Cinahl) were systematically searched. The study results highlight how most of the issues discussed by the retrieved literature are in line with the ethical challenges that digital technologies are introducing in healthcare such as privacy, anonymity, security, and informed consent. In addition, image forgery aimed at scientific misconduct and insurance fraud was frequently reported, together with issues of online professionalism and commercial interests sought through digital means.


2016 ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Andrés Asenjo Morosetti ◽  
Christian Riveros Pino

ResumenEl presente ensayo monográfico intenta brindar una panorámica globaldel fenómeno del Big Data, entendido como un sistema de producción,procesamiento, sistematización y análisis de datos sociales a gran escala.Actualmente, una multiplicidad de entes se han posicionado como agentesrecopiladores de datos sobre conductas y prácticas sociales, gracias aavances tecnológicos que han incrementado las capacidades sistémicas parala obtención y análisis de grandes volúmenes de información. Esto suponeuna suerte de democratización de los métodos, lo cual plantea una serie dedesafíos y oportunidades para los cientistas sociales, otrora agentes exclusivosde la producción de lo social. Ante esto, el presente documento ofrece unmarco general de análisis, esbozando reflexiones temáticas y estratégicaspara la comunidad científica en general y para la sociología en particular. Elensayo se estructura a partir de tres secciones: una introducción, que ofreceun acercamiento global al tema; una sección de discusión, en la que se revisaa grandes rasgos las principales problemáticas y desafíos que presenta elBig Data para la investigación social y los científicos sociales, y una secciónde conclusiones, en la que se esbozan posibles alternativas de integraciónmetodológica entre las nuevas formas de investigación social y los métodostradicionales.Palabras clave: Big Data, tecnologías de la información, métodos deinvestigación, investigación social, empirismo.Big Data: Implications of the democratization ofmethods.Opportunities and challenges for social researchprovided by digital data and devicesAbstractThis monographic essay attempts to provide a comprehensive overviewof the phenomenon of Big Data, understood as a system of production,processing, systematization and analysis of large-scale social data. Currently,a multiplicity of entities have positioned themselves as agents collectingdata, behaviors and social practices, thanks to technological advancesthat have increased systemic capacities for collection and analysis of largevolumes of information. This is a sort of democratization of methods, whichposes a number of challenges and opportunities for social scientists, onceexclusive agents of social production. In this way, the present documentprovides a general framework for analysis outlining thematic and strategicconsiderations for the scientific community in general and sociology inparticular. The essay is structured in three sections: an introduction, whichprovides a comprehensive approach to the subject; a section of discussion,which reviews in broad terms the main problems and challenges imposed byBig Data for social research and social scientists; and a section of conclusionswith possible alternatives for methodological integration among new formsof social research and the traditional methods.Keywords: Big Data, information technology, research methods, socialresearch, empiricism.Big Data: as implicações da democratização dosmétodos.Oportunidades e desafios que os dispositivos edados digitais projetam para a pesquisa socialResumoO presente ensaio monográfico tenta oferecer uma visão panorâmicado fenómeno do Big Data, entendido como um sistema de produção,processamento, sistematização e análise dos dados sociais em grandeescala. Atualmente, uma multiplicidade de entidades têm se posicionadocomo agentes coletores de dados sobre comportamentos e práticas sociais,graças aos avanços tecnológicos que aumentaram as capacidades sistêmicaspara a obtenção e análise de grandes volumes de informação. Esta é umaespécie de democratização dos métodos, o que coloca uma série de desafiose oportunidades para os cientistas sociais, pois em outros tempos foram osagentes exclusivos de produção social. Diante disso, o presente documentoapresenta um quadro geral de análise, delineando reflexões temáticase estratégicas para a comunidade científica em geral e para a sociologiaem particular. O ensaio é estruturado em três seções: uma introdução,que oferece uma abordagem global para o tema; uma seção de discussão, onde é revistada em termos gerais, os principais problemas e desafios queapresenta a Big Data para a investigação social e os cientistas sociais, e umaseção de conclusões onde se esboçam possíveis alternativas de integraçãometodológica entre as novas formas de investigação social e os métodostradicionais.Palavras-chave: Big Data, tecnologias da informação, métodos de pesquisa,pesquisa social, empirismo.


Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5858
Author(s):  
Manuel Gomez-Florit ◽  
Alberto Pardo ◽  
Rui M. A. Domingues ◽  
Ana L. Graça ◽  
Pedro S. Babo ◽  
...  

In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, hydrogels are used as biomaterials to support cell attachment and promote tissue regeneration due to their unique biomimetic characteristics. The use of natural-origin materials significantly influenced the origin and progress of the field due to their ability to mimic the native tissues’ extracellular matrix and biocompatibility. However, the majority of these natural materials failed to provide satisfactory cues to guide cell differentiation toward the formation of new tissues. In addition, the integration of technological advances, such as 3D printing, microfluidics and nanotechnology, in tissue engineering has obsoleted the first generation of natural-origin hydrogels. During the last decade, a new generation of hydrogels has emerged to meet the specific tissue necessities, to be used with state-of-the-art techniques and to capitalize the intrinsic characteristics of natural-based materials. In this review, we briefly examine important hydrogel crosslinking mechanisms. Then, the latest developments in engineering natural-based hydrogels are investigated and major applications in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Finally, the current limitations, future challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed to encourage realistic developments for the clinical translation of tissue engineering strategies.


2016 ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Andrés Asenjo Morosetti ◽  
Christian Riveros Pino

ResumenEl presente ensayo monográfico intenta brindar una panorámica globaldel fenómeno del Big Data, entendido como un sistema de producción,procesamiento, sistematización y análisis de datos sociales a gran escala.Actualmente, una multiplicidad de entes se han posicionado como agentesrecopiladores de datos sobre conductas y prácticas sociales, gracias aavances tecnológicos que han incrementado las capacidades sistémicas parala obtención y análisis de grandes volúmenes de información. Esto suponeuna suerte de democratización de los métodos, lo cual plantea una serie dedesafíos y oportunidades para los cientistas sociales, otrora agentes exclusivosde la producción de lo social. Ante esto, el presente documento ofrece unmarco general de análisis, esbozando reflexiones temáticas y estratégicaspara la comunidad científica en general y para la sociología en particular. Elensayo se estructura a partir de tres secciones: una introducción, que ofreceun acercamiento global al tema; una sección de discusión, en la que se revisaa grandes rasgos las principales problemáticas y desafíos que presenta elBig Data para la investigación social y los científicos sociales, y una secciónde conclusiones, en la que se esbozan posibles alternativas de integraciónmetodológica entre las nuevas formas de investigación social y los métodostradicionales.Palabras clave: Big Data, tecnologías de la información, métodos deinvestigación, investigación social, empirismo.Big Data: Implications of the democratization ofmethods.Opportunities and challenges for social researchprovided by digital data and devicesAbstractThis monographic essay attempts to provide a comprehensive overviewof the phenomenon of Big Data, understood as a system of production,processing, systematization and analysis of large-scale social data. Currently,a multiplicity of entities have positioned themselves as agents collectingdata, behaviors and social practices, thanks to technological advancesthat have increased systemic capacities for collection and analysis of largevolumes of information. This is a sort of democratization of methods, whichposes a number of challenges and opportunities for social scientists, onceexclusive agents of social production. In this way, the present documentprovides a general framework for analysis outlining thematic and strategicconsiderations for the scientific community in general and sociology inparticular. The essay is structured in three sections: an introduction, whichprovides a comprehensive approach to the subject; a section of discussion,which reviews in broad terms the main problems and challenges imposed byBig Data for social research and social scientists; and a section of conclusionswith possible alternatives for methodological integration among new formsof social research and the traditional methods.Keywords: Big Data, information technology, research methods, socialresearch, empiricism.Big Data: as implicações da democratização dosmétodos.Oportunidades e desafios que os dispositivos edados digitais projetam para a pesquisa socialResumoO presente ensaio monográfico tenta oferecer uma visão panorâmicado fenómeno do Big Data, entendido como um sistema de produção,processamento, sistematização e análise dos dados sociais em grandeescala. Atualmente, uma multiplicidade de entidades têm se posicionadocomo agentes coletores de dados sobre comportamentos e práticas sociais,graças aos avanços tecnológicos que aumentaram as capacidades sistêmicaspara a obtenção e análise de grandes volumes de informação. Esta é umaespécie de democratização dos métodos, o que coloca uma série de desafiose oportunidades para os cientistas sociais, pois em outros tempos foram osagentes exclusivos de produção social. Diante disso, o presente documentoapresenta um quadro geral de análise, delineando reflexões temáticase estratégicas para a comunidade científica em geral e para a sociologiaem particular. O ensaio é estruturado em três seções: uma introdução,que oferece uma abordagem global para o tema; uma seção de discussão, onde é revistada em termos gerais, os principais problemas e desafios queapresenta a Big Data para a investigação social e os cientistas sociais, e umaseção de conclusões onde se esboçam possíveis alternativas de integraçãometodológica entre as novas formas de investigação social e os métodostradicionais.Palavras-chave: Big Data, tecnologias da informação, métodos de pesquisa,pesquisa social, empirismo.


Author(s):  
Sumathi Doraikannan ◽  
Prabha Selvaraj

Data becomes big data when then the size of data exceeds the ability of our IT systems in terms of 3Vs (volume, velocity, and variety). When the data sets are large and complex, it becomes a great difficult task for handling such voluminous data. This chapter will provide a detailed knowledge of the major concepts and components of big data and also the transformation of big data in to business operations. Collection and storage of big data will not help out in creation of business values. Values and importance are created once when the action starts on data by performing an analysis. Hence, this chapter provides a view on various kinds of analysis that can be done with big data and also the differences between traditional analytics and big data analytics. The transformation of digital data into business values could be in terms of reports, research analyses, recommendations, predictions, and optimizations. In addition to the concept of big data, this chapter discuss about the basic concepts of digital analytics, methods, and techniques for digital analysis.


Author(s):  
Effy Vayena ◽  
Lawrence Madoff

“Big data,” which encompasses massive amounts of information from both within the health sector (such as electronic health records) and outside the health sector (social media, search queries, cell phone metadata, credit card expenditures), is increasingly envisioned as a rich source to inform public health research and practice. This chapter examines the enormous range of sources, the highly varied nature of these data, and the differing motivations for their collection, which together challenge the public health community in ethically mining and exploiting big data. Ethical challenges revolve around the blurring of three previously clearer boundaries: between personal health data and nonhealth data; between the private and the public sphere in the online world; and, finally, between the powers and responsibilities of state and nonstate actors in relation to big data. Considerations include the implications for privacy, control and sharing of data, fair distribution of benefits and burdens, civic empowerment, accountability, and digital disease detection.


Author(s):  
Philip Habel ◽  
Yannis Theocharis

In the last decade, big data, and social media in particular, have seen increased popularity among citizens, organizations, politicians, and other elites—which in turn has created new and promising avenues for scholars studying long-standing questions of communication flows and influence. Studies of social media play a prominent role in our evolving understanding of the supply and demand sides of the political process, including the novel strategies adopted by elites to persuade and mobilize publics, as well as the ways in which citizens react, interact with elites and others, and utilize platforms to persuade audiences. While recognizing some challenges, this chapter speaks to the myriad of opportunities that social media data afford for evaluating questions of mobilization and persuasion, ultimately bringing us closer to a more complete understanding Lasswell’s (1948) famous maxim: “who, says what, in which channel, to whom, [and] with what effect.”


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