scholarly journals Sport as Culture: Social class, styles of cultural consumption, and sports engagement in Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Gemar
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Sports Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

The consumption of culture has often been ascribed the power to reflect and reproduce social inequalities. However, most work in this area has focused upon music and the arts. Sport is an important element of culture that can and should be studied in a similar fashion as others (Bourdieu, 1978). This thesis thus seeks to bring the theoretical frameworks and analytical tools of sociologies of culture further into the realm of sport. Substantively, this thesis provides an updated and comprehensive re-examining of the relationship between direct sports participation and social stratification in the relatively unexplored national context of Canada. I also innovatively provide an examination of the relationship between social stratification and professional sports consumption. Finally, this thesis fills a gap in the literature by analysing where the consumption of sport fits within broader cultural lifestyles. For these investigations, I use large-scale survey data and various statistical methods to test the foundational theories of Pierre Bourdieu, the ‘omnivore’ thesis, and individualisation arguments of social action to explain these patterns. The findings show direct sports participation relying primarily on dispositions towards the body which are stratified by education and income, especially for the most elite sports. They also show the two most selective omnivorous profiles for professional sport, rather than the most omnivorous, with the highest levels of education and income. This thesis thus sheds doubt on the omnivore thesis within sport, while also showing elements of individualisation regarding age and sex differentiation in consumption. Sports consumption in Canada thus cuts across all three theories of the relation between socio-economic position and sport. These more delimitated consumption profiles contrast with the general adherence to the omnivore thesis within broader cultural lifestyles. This therefore suggests that sport may be a cultural domain where general omnivores practise more distinctive consumption.

scholarly journals The social patterning of sport: Regular sports participation and stratification in Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Gemar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Music And The Arts

The participation in different forms of leisure has often been ascribed the power to reflect and reproduce social inequalities. While some came before, this intellectual endeavor increased substantially with the seminal work of Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction. While Bourdieu’s writings on culture did not neglect sports, sport is often neglected in subsequent studies of culture. Most of the subsequent theoretical and empirical work on culture has focused upon music and the arts, many also arguing that Bourdieu’s work is now dated. This paper seeks to provide an updated and comprehensive re-examining of sports participation. For these investigations, I use large-scale survey data and various statistical methods to test the relevance of the Pierre Bourdieu’s foundational theories and explain these patterns. The findings show direct sports participation relying primarily on dispositions towards the body which are stratified by education and income, especially for the most elite sports. These results therefore highlight the contemporary relevance of Bourdieu’s theories of the relationship between sports, social class, and the stratification thereof.

scholarly journals SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION ANALYZED WITHIN VARIOUS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

2017 ◽  
pp. 025
Author(s):  
Lela Milošević Radulović ◽  
Suzana Marković Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Educational Capital ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
The Relationship

The expansion of education and the mass inclusion of generations in certain levels of education have not reduced inequality in education. There have still been numerous causes and forms of social inequality, with far-reaching consequences. The consequences of social inequalities in education are very complex and are manifested in the form of reproduction of social inequality, that is, the self-reproduction of social stratification and the reproduction of economic inequality. Scientists working in various fields deal with the clarification of the problems of social inequality in education and everyone can, from their own standpoint, attempt to discover the basic causes of these inequalities so as to overcome them. In paper we have shown four current theoretical approaches to the problem of social inequality in education: the functionalist theory, radical theory, theory of educational capital and theory of cultural deprivation. Every approach from its own standpoint tries to indicate the relationship between the educational system and social structure, as well as the possibility of overcoming certain social inequality. Based on the analysis of the basic tenets of various theoretical approaches to inequality in education conceptualized the initial hypotheses as the foundation for the functioning of the educational system in the future, based on the principles of meritocracy.

The Two Traditions in the Sociology of Emotions

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Shilling
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sociology Of Emotions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Dimensions ◽  
Emotional Issues ◽  
The Relationship

The sociology of emotions is an established specialism within the discipline and its products have become increasingly visible parts of the sociological landscape since the late 1970s. This specialism has also demonstrated, at least to its own satisfaction, the importance of emotions for social action and order, and for those related moral issues concerned with self-determined and other-oriented action. Paradoxically, however, the relationship between the sociology of emotions and mainstream sociology remains relatively cool. Emotional issues are still portrayed in many general accounts of the discipline as a luxurious curiosity that properly resides on the outer reaches of the sociological imagination. Just as unfortunately, certain sociologists of emotions have accused the foundations of the discipline of neglecting emotional issues, and have sometimes excluded classical theorists from their discussions. This chapter argues that emotional phenomena occupy an important place in sociology's heritage which has yet to be explicated fully by the sub-discipline. The subject of emotions, like the closely related subject of the body, may fade from various classical writings. Nevertheless, the major traditions of sociological theory developed particular orientations towards the social and moral dimensions of emotional phenomena. I begin by examining the relevance of emotions to the context out of which the discipline emerged, and then focus on how the major theorists of order (Comte and Durkheim) and (inter)action (Simmel and Weber) conceptualized emotional phenomena. The chapter concludes with a brief assessment of Parsons's contribution, and suggests that his analysis of the religious foundations of instrumental activism provides a provocative account of the relationship between values, emotions and personality that can usefully be built on.

scholarly journals Occupation-congruent appearance: a measuremental approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Sarpila ◽  
Aki Koivula ◽  
Iida Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
The Relationship

In this article we introduce a novel measure, which we call ‘occupation-congruent appearance’ (OCA). We argue that the measure captures the appearance norms of looking ‘right’ for a particular occupation. Using a combination of large-scale photograph data (N=1,411) and rating data (N=7,920) from Finland, including 387,542 individual ratings, we show that shared cultural standards for OCA exist, and rate of agreement compares with agreement on beauty standards. We systematically compare the relationship between OCA, attractiveness, and masculinity/femininity in male-dominated, gender-balanced, and female-dominated occupational fields for men and for women. We conclude that occupation-congruent appearance is independent from other typically used measures in studies on appearance and social inequalities. Thus, it seems that OCA can capture the kind of elements of appearance that are not reducible to attractiveness, femininity, and masculinity. We discuss the possibilities for using OCA as a complementary measure for researchers interested in appearance and social inequalities.

scholarly journals Analysis of possible ratios of flux density at the shell model and its propeller in the expressions to evaluate parameters of propulsion complex at scale modeling propulsion of ships using self-propelled models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
П.А. Бимбереков
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance Forces

Моделирование пропульсивных характеристик судов с использованием малых самоходных моделей в опытовых бассейнах производится исходя из подобия чисел Фруда, при этом обеспечить подобие по числу Рейнольдса не удаётся. В связи с не полным моделированием параметров как потока обтекающего корпус модели, так и потока набегающего на её винт, возникает гидродинамическое несоответствие сил сопротивления самоходной модели и упора её движителя при масштабной скорости, обеспечиваемой буксировочной тележкой. Таким образом, моделирование сопряжено с рядом масштабных погрешностей, нейтрализация которых как в физическом исполнении, так и посредством введения расчётных поправок является важной задачей. Рассматривается возможность организации у корпуса и движителя самоходной модели потоков разной плотности для нейтрализации некоторых видов масштабных погрешностей. Для анализа выбрана зависимость пересчёта с модели на натуру, использующая поправочные коэффициенты в виде степенной функции масштаба для корпуса и движителя модели. Получены зависимости взаимосвязи плотностей обтекающего корпус и набегающего на гребной винт потоков в оговариваемых вариантах соотношения степеней пересчёта с модели на натурное судно. Намечаются подходы к практической реализации рассматриваемой задачи изменения натекающих потоков, обтекающих корпус и движитель самоходной модели, связанные с отсосом и подачей жидкости. Simulation of propulsive characteristics of vessels using small self-propelled models in the experimental pools is based on the similarity of Froude numbers, while it is not possible to provide similarity in the Reynolds number. Due to the incomplete modeling of the parameters of both the flow around the body of the model and the flow incident on its screw, there is a hydrodynamic mismatch of the resistance forces of the self-propelled model and the emphasis of its propulsion at the scale speed provided by the towing cart. Thus, the simulation involves a number of large-scale errors, the neutralization of which both in physical performance and through the introduction of computational corrections is an important task. The possibility of organization of self-propelled model of flows of different density for neutralization of some types of scale errors is considered. For the analysis, the dependence of the conversion from model to nature, using the correction factors in the form of a power function of the scale of the model for the body and the engine of the model, was chosen. The dependences of the relationship of the densities streams around the hull and the propeller streams to be specified embodiments, the ratio of the degree of recalculate dependencies of the model of the hull and propeller to full-scale vessel. Approaches to the practical implementation of the considered problem of changing the flowing flows around the hull and the self-propelled propulsion associated with the suction and supply of liquid are outlined.

scholarly journals Die verhouding tussen Klassieke retoriek en epistolografie

Literator ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
E. Cornelius
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Classical Rhetoric ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Rhetorical Studies ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this article is to determine the relationship between Classical rhetoric and epistolography. Both epistolographical and rhetorical studies of letters are found among scholars. Some scholars prefer to work only epistolographically and others only rhetorically. The problem arises when some scholars try to combine these two perspectives, resulting in an approach in which the body of the letter is studied rhetorically and the letter opening and closing epistolographically. As an aid to determine the relationship between these two disciplines, a short summary of the theoretical frameworks of each is given and the Classical textbooks on both disciplines are studied. Once the relationship has been made dear, the article is concluded by proposing rhetoric as the framework for the interpretation of the communicative function of letters and epistolography as the framework for the interpretation of the form of letters.

States, Ancient and Modern

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mann
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The State ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Mutual Independence ◽  
The Relationship

ThisPaper has a fairly clear overall argument: that the relationship between State and Society in large-scale societies changed dramatically with the advent of industrial capitalism. Prior to that development, the State and the state bureaucracy played a substantially autonomous role vis-à-vis the class structure of civil society. After that its autonomy has been negligible: indeed, for most analytic purposes the State can be reduced to class structure. Such an argument is by no means original. For example, its outlines were commonplace among eighteenth and nineteenth-century theorists. In this paper I draw somewhat on Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer. For one particular argument I am indebted to the contemporary sinologist Owen Lattimore. The idea of such a dramatic shift in the history of society is nowadays extremely unfashionable, however. Today theorists usually present essentially the same view of state-society relations throughout human history. Most Marxists reduce the state to being contingent upon the ‘determining’ categories of ‘mode of production’ and ‘class struggle’. Functionalists present a theory of structural differentiation which occurs so early in human evolution that in all recorded history the relationship between, and relative autonomy of, economy and polity are essentially unchanging. Weberians, in arguing for the autonomy of each element of ‘the structure of social action’, also give a picture of the mutual independence of state and economy throughout history. In all three cases, the caution and specificity of the theory of the ‘founding fathers’—Marx, Spencer and Weber—is thrown to the wind.

Leave policies and social inequality in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 515-526
Author(s):  
Bila Sorj ◽  
Alexandre Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Paternity Leave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leave policies and social inequalities. It seeks to analyze the historical course of maternity and paternity leave legislation in Brazil, and also provides quantitative evidence that access to leave is impacted by social stratification, revealing different inequalities. Design/methodology/approach To investigate access to leave policies, this study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Anual de 2017 (Annual National Continuous Household Sampling Survey of 2017), conducted by IBGE/Brazil. Findings The results point out the existence of inequalities in the conceptions of leave policies in Brazil, and lead to quantitative confirmation that access to leave is stratified and permeated by inequalities of gender, class, race and age. Social implications By pointing out the social inequalities resulting from the contributory scheme of maternity and paternity leave, the results of this paper may generate debate on the transformation of leave into a universal right of citizens and impact public policy agenda in the future. Originality/value This is the first Brazilian study to analyze the relationship between leave policy and social inequality through quantitative data, showing the existence of social stratification of gender, class, race and age concerning the employed population’s access to maternity and paternity leave.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

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