scholarly journals Alternatives to Fight Against Coccidiosis: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
K.P. Acharya ◽  
N. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Phase Out

Coccidiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases of poultry with economic losses. The loss is mainly due to the poor feed conversion and increased mortality. Nowadays, farmers rely heavily on prophylactic and therapeutic use of chemical compounds for the management of coccidiosis. The conventional anti-coccidials, however, are associated with residual effects and increased resistance. Similarly, increasing consumer awareness and their pressure for natural food has increased governmental pressure basically. Because of regulatory change, there is increasing pressure to phase out the chemical anticoccidials in diet of farm animals. Moreover, there are renewed management practices as alternatives that are safe, little/no residual effects, and economical. Non-conventional compounds such as Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), organic acids, phyto-chemicals, probiotics and essentials oils have shown encouraging result against coccidian growth in intestinal mucosa of chicken and turkey. But, comprehensive studies on chemical structure, modes of action and residual effects is needed to unravel their applicability and effectiveness in the field conditions.

scholarly journals The use of tylvalosin (Aivlosin®) in the successful elimination of swine dysentery on a farrow-to-finish herd

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
P. Vyt ◽  
L. Vandepitte ◽  
A. Dereu ◽  
M. Roozen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Rodent Control ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Swine Dysentery

Swine dysentery causes severe economic losses in swine industry. Eliminating the disease at farm level can become problematic when resistance of the causative agent, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, against pleuromutilins is reported. In this study, the use of tylvalosin (Aivlosin®) in eliminating the disease in a single-site, farrow-to-finish herd was evaluated. In addition, productivity parameters and antimicrobial use were compared prior to and after implementing the elimination protocol. On a mixed farm of 200 sows and 1500 finishers with a history of chronic dysentery, the B. hyodysenteriae isolate was resistant to pleuromutilins but had a low minimum inhibitory concentration for tylvalosin (2 μg/ml). Combined with a strict program for rodent control and hygiene, sows were treated with tylvalosin at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW daily for four weeks. The sows were washed one week after the start of the treatment before entering a clean stable. Piglets born from sows that had received this treatment, were considered free from dysentery and were kept separated from infected, untreated animals on the farm. A monitoring program with monthly sampling of sows and fatteners was installed to evaluate the absence of B. hyodysenteriae on the farm. After treatment, the clinical symptoms in the treated sows disappeared and remained absent in the offspring born after the procedure. Fecal samples examined by PCR remained negative for the whole testing period (14 months after the end of the treatment) and no clinical outbreaks were reported afterwards. The feed conversion ratio improved by 12%, the mortality rate with 37% and the antimicrobial use decreased by 71.5%. We conclude that the elimination of swine dysentery on a single-site, farrow-to-finish herd is possible using tylvalosin (AivlosinR) combined with strict hygiene and rodent control. The improvements of the technical parameters in this study are not only the result of the elimination of B. hyodysenteriae, but also changes in management practices influenced these parameters.

scholarly journals Determinants of Higher Wheat Productivity in Irrigated Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
M. Azeem Khan ◽  
Munir Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Support Price

While agriculture plays a vital role in overall performance of the economy of Pakistan, its crop sub-sector contributes the major portion to total value added in the sector. Wheat constitutes the most important crop that contributed 12.1 percent towards value added in agriculture and accounted for 37.18 percent of the total cropped area in the country during 1999-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. The performance of wheat crop affects the overall growth rate, import bill, and nutritional standard of our people especially, the urban poor. It occupies a pivotal position for attaining national food-security goals. Wheat management in complex farming systems is influenced by time conflicts in the harvesting of preceding crops and the sowing of wheat, and interactions due to residual effects on succeeding crops [Byerlee, et al. (1986]. Conventionally, less dynamism is found in wheat management practices, especially when it is grown after cash crops like cotton, rice and sugarcane. The rabi 1999-2000 was an exceptional season for wheat as rice, cotton, and sugarcane crops succumbed to market forces which ultimately resulted into heavy economic losses to the farming community. Timely announcement of a quantum increase in the support price of wheat is assumed to induce the farmers to deviate from usual wheat management practices for better production. The payback to the presumed transition in conventional wheat production practices was unprecedented.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Dehua Wang ◽  
Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽  
Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽  
Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Stable Temperature ◽  
Core Body

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.

scholarly journals Directed evolution of Metarhizium fungus improves its biocontrol efficacy against Varroa mites in honey bee colonies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer O. Han ◽  
Nicholas L. Naeger ◽  
Brandon K. Hopkins ◽  
David Sumerlin ◽  
Paul E. Stamets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Directed Evolution ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Bee Colonies

AbstractEntomopathogenic fungi show great promise as pesticides in terms of their relatively high target specificity, low non-target toxicity, and low residual effects in agricultural fields and the environment. However, they also frequently have characteristics that limit their use, especially concerning tolerances to temperature, ultraviolet radiation, or other abiotic factors. The devastating ectoparasite of honey bees, Varroa destructor, is susceptible to entomopathogenic fungi, but the relatively warm temperatures inside honey bee hives have prevented these fungi from becoming effective control measures. Using a combination of traditional selection and directed evolution techniques developed for this system, new strains of Metarhizium brunneum were created that survived, germinated, and grew better at bee hive temperatures (35 °C). Field tests with full-sized honey bee colonies confirmed that the new strain JH1078 is more virulent against Varroa mites and controls the pest comparable to current treatments. These results indicate that entomopathogenic fungi are evolutionarily labile and capable of playing a larger role in modern pest management practices.

Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella in cattle and pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 1681-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. ARNOLD ◽  
R. J. GOSLING ◽  
F. MARTELLI ◽  
D. MUELLER-DOBLIES ◽  
R. H. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Faecal Sample ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Groups

SUMMARYThere has been a rapid rise in the prevalence of cases of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mST) in both humans and farm animals, and it has been found in pigs, cattle and poultry. It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of how to efficiently detect infected farms. The objective of this project was to determine sample type sensitivity in the detection of Salmonella to detect infected groups of animals on both pig (breeder, grower and finisher sites) and cattle (beef and dairy) farms, using data collected from a study investigating farms that were positive for mST, and to explore any variation between different age groups and management practices. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted to analyse the individual and pooled faecal sample data collected from each epidemiological group on each of the farms. The sensitivity of pooled sampling depended on the prevalence of infection in the group being sampled, with a higher prevalence leading to higher sensitivity. Pooled sampling was found to be more efficient at detecting positive groups of animals than individual sampling, with the probability of a random sample from a group of animals with 5% prevalence testing positive being equal to 15·5% for immature pigs (3·6% for an individual faecal sample, taking into account the sensitivity and infection prevalence), 7·1% for adult pigs (1·2% for individual sampling), 30% for outdoor cattle (2% for individual sampling) and 34% for indoor cattle (1% for individual sampling). The mean prevalence of each epidemiological group was higher in outdoor farms than indoor for both pigs and cattle (mean within-farm prevalence of 29·4% and 38·7% for outdoor pigs and cattle, respectively, compared to 19·8% and 22·1% for indoor pigs and cattle)

Soil seed bank and vegetation dynamics in Sahelian fallows; the impact of past cropping and current grazing treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Hérault ◽  
Pierre Hiernaux
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
The Impact

The soil seed bank in a 5-y-old Sahelian fallow was studied through seed extraction and compared with germinations recorded either in controlled conditions, ex situ in a glasshouse, or in the field. The influence of phosphorus fertilizer and mulch application during the preceding crop period, and that of seasonal grazing regimes applied the last 2 y of fallowing, were assessed on the composition of the seed stock. Ctenium elegans, Fimbristylis hispidula, Merremia pinnata and Phyllanthus pentandrus accounted together for 75% of extracted seeds, 72% of ex situ, and 62% of in situ seedlings. Mulch treatment was correlated with the first axis of the canonical correspondence analyses performed on the seedling datasets. Mulch and phosphorus fertilizer treatments held similar responses, as they both favoured the seed bank of erect dicotyledons such as P. pentandrus and Cassia mimosoides. On the whole, the effects of grazing remained modest compared with the residual effects of past crop management practices. However, seedling densities increased as a result of dry-season grazing, while the soil seed bank decreased with wet-season grazing. Grazing also reduced the spatial heterogeneity of the seed bank rather than the overall number of species.

Enzootic Activity of Chlamydia in Farms Located in a Hotspot Area for Zoonosis Emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Andres Vanderhoeven ◽  
Jessica P. Mosmann ◽  
Adrián Díaz ◽  
Cecilia G. Cuffini
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

Abstract Chlamydias are obligated intracellular Gram-negative bacteria, considered important zoonotic pathogens, broadly present in several bird species and responsible for economic losses in animal production. We analyzed the presence of Chlamydial species with zoonotic risk in farm animals in a highly biodiverse area and with great human circulation, the Argentine, Brazil and Paraguay tri-border area. We surveyed nine farms in an area and nasally swabbed a total of 62 animals. DNA was extracted and specific PCR was performed to identify chlamydial species. We detected Chlamydia spp . in 6.5% (4/62) of the animals tested, positive samples belonged to cattle and none of them showed symptoms of respiratory disease nor had been diagnose with reproductive diseases. Specific nested PCR confirmed two samples belonged to C. pecorum and two to C. psittaci . We report for the first time Chlamydia circulation with zoonotic risk in the region. Surveys in birds and wild mammals could give a better understanding to know what Chlamydial species are circulating in the wild interface. The zoonotic potential should be taking into account as farm workers and the surrounding population could be silent carriers or have respiratory diseases being underdiagnosed, and therefore should be considered in the differential diagnoses.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus flux from the production of Nile tilapia through the application of environmental indicators

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. S. Osti ◽  
M. A. B. Moraes ◽  
C. F. Carmo ◽  
C. T. J. Mercante
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Fish Biomass ◽  
Feed Conversion

Abstract We aimed in this study utilize environmental indicators as a quantitative method to evaluate and discuss the nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) flux by a production stage grow-out (termination) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in fishpond. The TN and TP load, the mass balance, the input of TN and TP via feed and the converted nutrients in fish biomass are the environmental indicators applied in this study. During the production cycle (128 days), the system exported 15,931 g TN and 4,189 g TP that were related to the amount of feed supplied (r Pearson = 0.8825 and r = 0.8523, respectively), corroborated by the feed conversion ratio (1.61:1). The indicators showed that 26% TN and 45% TP were reversed into fish biomass, 62% TN and 40% TP were retained in the fishpond, and 12% TN and 15% TP were exported via effluent. The largest contribution of nutrients generated by the system and exported via effluent was observed in phase III and IV. This result is supported by the feed conversion ratio 2.14 and 2.21:1 obtained at this phase, a fact explained by the amount of feed offered and the fish metabolism. Application of environmental indicators showed to be an efficient tool to quantify flux of TN and TP produced during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia and therefore, guide management practices more sustainable. Concerning the environmental sustainability of the activity the implementation of best management practices such as the better control of the feed amount offered would lead to a smaller loss of TN and TP to the water. Furthermore, the use of better quality feeds would allow greater nutrient assimilation efficiency.

scholarly journals Yeast extract plus blood plasma in diets for piglets from 36 to 60 days old

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112
Author(s):  
Cinthia Maria Carlos Pereira ◽  
Juarez Lopes Donzele ◽  
Rita Flávia Miranda de Oliveira Donzele ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Verônica Maria Pereira Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Variables

ABSTRACT: To evaluate inclusion levels and residual effects of diets containing yeast extract (YE) plus blood plasma (BP) on the performance of 36 to 60-days old piglets, 105 piglets were used (8.75±0.72kg), and they were distributed under a randomized block experimental design with five treatments (control - 2.0% BP; 1.0% BP plus 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0% YE), seven repetitions, and three animals per experimental unit. Piglets were given experimental diets from 36 to 49 days of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, all piglets received the same diet. No effects from treatments (P>0.10) were observed on the performance variables from 36 to 49 day of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, an effect was observed from YE levels on the daily feed consumption (P<0.03), daily weight gain (p<0.01), and final weight (P<0.06), which increased quadratically up to 1.67, 1.67, and 1.55% YE levels, respectively. Piglets which were fed with the diet containing 1.0% BP + 2.0% YE were observed to have better feed conversion ratios (P<0.01) as compared to the control diet (2.0% BP). As it provides a better residual effect, the inclusion of 1.67% yeast extract may replace 50% of blood plasma in 36 to 49-days old piglet diets.

scholarly journals Prevalence and herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Goiás, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willian Vilela Rocha ◽  
Valéria De Sá Jayme ◽  
Ana Lourdes Arrais de Alencar Mota ◽  
Wilia Marta Elsner Diederichsen de Brito ◽  
Glauciane Ribeiro de Castro Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Herd Level

Bovine tuberculosis results in economic losses in livestock production and poses a risk to public health. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in adult cows in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata, corresponding to different livestock production circuits. A total of 18,659 animals were tested with the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT), in 300 randomly sampled bovine herds per stratum. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to identify health and management practices that may be associated with the presence of tuberculosis infection in the herd. In Stratum 1, dominated by beef cattle, no animals reacted to the CCT. In Stratum 2, which covers the main dairy regions of the state, the prevalence was estimated at 8.67% [5.73 to 12.74%] for herds and at 0.9% [0.21 to 1.58%] for animals. In Stratum 3, characterized by a mix of dairy, beef and dual-purpose herds, the prevalence was estimated at 1.00% [0.21 to 2.89] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49 %] for animals. The overall prevalence in the state of Goiás was 3.43% [2.20 to 4.67%] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49%] for animals. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of the bovine tuberculosis are: the location of the herd in Stratum 2 (OR = 12.05 [3.52 to 41.28]) and the number of times a cow is milked per day (OR = 6.27 [2.72 to 14.44]). Regular veterinary care was identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.38 [0.15-0.94]). These results indicate that bovine tuberculosis is endemic in the state; its spatial distribution is heterogeneous with a strong concentration in dairy regions. The most intensive dairy farms are those with the highest risk, which is consistent with what other authors’ found elsewhere in Brazil. The epidemiological information generated by this study provides information for planning of risk-based surveillance actions, and justifies the adoption of free-herd certification programs for bovine tuberculosis in the main dairy regions of Goiás.

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