scholarly journals The opportunity of application of neurophysiological tests — schizophrenia endophenotypes for studying the role of genetic factors in cognitive processes in healthy subjects and in psychiatric diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
A. V. Kirenskaya ◽  
Z. I. Storozheva ◽  
F. O. Kibitov
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

The study of effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in dopamine (COMT, DRD2) and GABA (GAD1) activities in the prefrontal cortex on antisaccades (AS) and evoked potential P300 measures was conducted with participation of 55 healthy subjects and 72 schizophrenic patients. The significant interaction of genotype and disease was found for most of the studied AS and P300 measures. The worse task performance and decreased efficacy of cortical activation were revealed for the associated with schizophrenia risk polymorphisms.

scholarly journals Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Same Inflammatory Mediators?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvia Ceccarelli ◽  
Matteo Saccucci ◽  
Gabriele Di Carlo ◽  
Ramona Lucchetti ◽  
Andrea Pilloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
The Many ◽  
Citrullinated Peptide ◽  
Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies ◽  
Peptide Antibodies

The strict link between periodontitis (PD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been widely demonstrated by several studies. PD is significantly more frequent in RA patients in comparison with healthy subjects: this prevalence is higher in individuals at the earliest stages of disease and in seropositive patients. This is probably related to the role of P. gingivalis in inducing citrullination and leading to the development of the new antigens. Despite the many studies conducted on this topic, there is very little data available concerning the possibility to use the same biomarkers to evaluate both RA and PD patients. The aim of the review is to summarize this issue. Starting from genetic factors, data from literature demonstrated the association between HLA-DRB1 alleles and PD susceptibility, similar to RA patients; moreover, SE-positive patients showed simultaneously structural damage to the wrist and periodontal sites. Contrasting results are available concerning other genetic polymorphisms. Moreover, the possible role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL6 and autoantibodies, specifically anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, has been examined, suggesting the need to perform further studies to better define this issue.

Counterfactual thinking in schizophrenia patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 413-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Caño ◽  
F. Contreras ◽  
J.M. Menchón
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavioral Regulation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Mean

IntroductionCounterfactual thoughts (CFT) are mental representations of alternatives to past events, actions or states. For example, “If only I had studied, I would have passed the exam”).CFT in healthy subjects is associated with learning, behavioral regulation and planning.Damage to the prefrontal brain regions has been related to decreased generation and use of CFT. Due to the fact that frontal deficits are documented in patients with schizophrenia, it is expected that these patients could also present impairments in CFT.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to examine the role of the generation of CFT in schizophrenia patients.MethodsForty subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and 40 healthy control participants were recruited. The two groups were matched in age, education, and handedness.To investigate the generation of CTF we used an adaptation of the task made by Wells, Taylor & Turtle (1987). In this task, we presented to the subjects one history with 4 different scenarios. After the presentation of the history, we asked to the subjects that list alternatives to solve the problem presented in the history.ResultsThe schizophrenic patients generated less responses of CTF that controls. The patients obtained a mean of responses of 1.48 (1 SD). The mean for the controls was 2.08 (.971 SD). The control subjects generated significantly more counterfactual responses than schizophrenic patients ([t (78) = −2.670, p = .269]).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that patients with schizophrenia have impoverished the generation of CFT compared to normal control participants.

scholarly journals Effects of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on N100 component of auditory evoked potential and oddball task performance in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-111
Author(s):  
A. A. Fedotova ◽  
A. V. Kirenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potential ◽  
Comt Val158met ◽  
Val158met Polymorphism ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
N100 Amplitude

The study was conducted with the participation of 47 healthy subjects and 48 schizophrenia patients. The different effects of Val158Met polymorphism have been found in the control and patients groups. The increased N100 amplitude and minimal number of the error responses in oddball task were revealed in healthy subjects with Val/Val genotype. In patients group Val/Val genotype was related to the decreased N100 amplitude and worse performance of oddball task.

Attentional Control and Performance Across Increasing Degrees of Unreliable Automation

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1238-1241
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Out Of The Loop ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

Automation is becoming increasingly pervasive across various technological domains. As this trend continues, work must be done to understand how humans interact with these automated systems. However, individual differences can influence performance during these interactions, particularly as automation becomes more complex, potentially leaving operators out-of-the-loop. Much of the current research investigates the role of working memory and performance across low and high levels of unreliable automation. There is little work investigating the connection between other high-level cognitive processes such as attentional control and performance. Foroughi et al. (2019) found a positive correlation between attentional control and task performance. However, they only included a low-level form of automation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attentional control and performance using increasing degrees of unreliable automation. Our results demonstrated a positive correlation between attentional control and performance using high-level unreliable automation.

scholarly journals The role of self-regulation of behavior as an aspect of adaptation-compensatory mechanisms in patients with paranoid schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
V. Y. Kudryashova ◽  
N. B. Lutova
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

The article presents current data about mentality adaptive-compensatory mechanisms of schizophrenic patients in the context of behavioral self-regulation. Futhermore, such psychological characteristics as the level of internality and life orientation are observed. The study involved 30 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and comparison group of healthy subjects (N=30). The violations and specific features of mentality adaptive-compensatory mechanisms which clarifies disturbance of their adaptation in schizophrenic patients were distinguished.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Roland Deutsch ◽  
Etienne P. LeBel ◽  
Kurt R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Response Interference ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the last decade, implicit measures of mental associations (e.g., Implicit Association Test, sequential priming) have become increasingly popular in many areas of psychological research. Even though successful applications provide preliminary support for the validity of these measures, their underlying mechanisms are still controversial. The present article addresses the role of a particular mechanism that is hypothesized to mediate the influence of activated associations on task performance in many implicit measures: response interference (RI). Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that RI effects in implicit measures depend on participants’ attention to association-relevant stimulus features, which in turn can influence the reliability and the construct validity of these measures. Drawing on a moderated-mediation model (MMM) of task performance in RI paradigms, we provide several suggestions on how to address these problems in research using implicit measures.

The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence.

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Kliewer ◽  
Stephen J. Lepore ◽  
Deborah Oskin ◽  
Patricia D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Children's Adjustment ◽  
Children’S Adjustment
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