Advanced Fringe Analysis Techniques in Circuit Edit

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Jain ◽  
T. Malik ◽  
T.R. Lundquist ◽  
C.-C. Tsao ◽  
W.J. Walecki
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Endpoint Detection ◽  
Fringe Analysis ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Slope Correction ◽  
Trench Area ◽  
And Control ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Abstract Novel Fabry Perot [1] fringe analysis techniques for monitoring the etching process with a coaxial photon-ion column [2] in the Credence OptiFIB are reported. Presently the primary application of these techniques in circuit edit is in trenching either from the front side or from the backside of a device. Optical fringes are observed in reflection geometry through the imaging system when the trench floor is thin and semi-transparent. The observed fringes result from optical interference in the etalon formed between the trench floor (Si in the case of backside trenching) and the circuitry layer beyond the trench floor. In-situ real-time thickness measurements and slope correction techniques are proposed that improve endpoint detection and control planarity of the trench floor. For successful through silicon edits, reliable endpoint detection and co-planarity of a local trench is important. Reliable endpoint detection prevents milling through bulk silicon and damaging active circuitry. Uneven trench floor thickness results in premature endpoint detection with sufficient thickness remaining in only part of the trench area. Good co-planarity of the trench floor also minimizes variability in the aspect ratios of the edit holes, hence increasing success rates in circuit edit.

scholarly journals Real-Time In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging for Evaluating the Efficacy of Antibiotics in a Rat Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 380-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Q. Xiong ◽  
Julie Willard ◽  
Jagath L. Kadurugamuwa ◽  
Jun Yu ◽  
Kevin P. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Bioluminescent Imaging ◽  
Vancomycin Therapy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Relevant Animal Model ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Therapeutic options for invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections have become limited due to rising antimicrobial resistance, making relevant animal model testing of new candidate agents more crucial than ever. In the present studies, a rat model of aortic infective endocarditis (IE) caused by a bioluminescently engineered, biofilm-positive S. aureus strain was used to evaluate real-time antibiotic efficacy directly. This strain was vancomycin and cefazolin susceptible but gentamicin resistant. Bioluminescence was detected and quantified daily in antibiotic-treated and control animals with IE, using a highly sensitive in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Persistent and increasing cardiac bioluminescent signals (BLS) were observed in untreated animals. Three days of vancomycin therapy caused significant reductions in both cardiac BLS (>10-fold versus control) and S. aureus densities in cardiac vegetations (P < 0.005 versus control). However, 3 days after discontinuation of vancomycin therapy, a greater than threefold increase in cardiac BLS was observed, indicating relapsing IE (which was confirmed by quantitative culture). Cefazolin resulted in modest decreases in cardiac BLS and bacterial densities. These microbiologic and cardiac BLS differences during therapy correlated with a longer time-above-MIC for vancomycin (>12 h) than for cefazolin (∼4 h). Gentamicin caused neither a reduction in cardiac S. aureus densities nor a reduction in BLS. There were significant correlations between cardiac BLS and S. aureus densities in vegetations in all treatment groups. These data suggest that bioluminescent imaging provides a substantial advance in the real-time monitoring of the efficacy of therapy of invasive S. aureus infections in live animals.

scholarly journals A LabVIEW Platform for Preclinical Imaging Using Digital Subtraction Angiography and Micro-CT

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian T. Badea ◽  
Laurence W. Hedlund ◽  
G. Allan Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Digital Subtraction Angiography ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Retrospective Gating ◽  
Dual Source ◽  
Labview Platform ◽  
And Control

CT and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are ubiquitous in the clinic. Their preclinical equivalents are valuable imaging methods for studying disease models and treatment. We have developed a dual source/detector X-ray imaging system that we have used for both micro-CT and DSA studies in rodents. The control of such a complex imaging system requires substantial software development for which we use the graphical language LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). This paper focuses on a LabVIEW platform that we have developed to enable anatomical and functional imaging with micro-CT and DSA. Our LabVIEW applications integrate and control all the elements of our system including a dual source/detector X-ray system, a mechanical ventilator, a physiological monitor, and a power microinjector for the vascular delivery of X-ray contrast agents. Various applications allow cardiac- and respiratory-gated acquisitions for both DSA and micro-CT studies. Our results illustrate the application of DSA for cardiopulmonary studies and vascular imaging of the liver and coronary arteries. We also show how DSA can be used for functional imaging of the kidney. Finally, the power of 4D micro-CT imaging using both prospective and retrospective gating is shown for cardiac imaging.

scholarly journals Strategies to Improve the Outcome of Cryoballoon Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ying Huang ◽  
Yuehan Wang ◽  
Chenyu Song
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation ◽  
Cryoballoon Ablation ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Control Heart ◽  
The World ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
And Control ◽  
Maintain Sinus Rhythm

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia contributing to severe outcomes, including cardiac dysfunction and stroke, and it has drawn great attention around the world. Drug therapies have been available for many years to terminate AF and control heart rate. However, the results from clinical studies on drug therapies have been discouraging. Mounting evidence indicates that radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a safe and effective method to maintain sinus rhythm, especially in patients who are drug intolerant or for whom the drugs are ineffective, although it is a technically demanding and complex procedure. Fortunately, a novel application, cryoballoon ablation (CBA), with outstanding characteristics has been widely used. Great outcomes based on CBA have manifested its significant role in the treatment of AF. However, how to improve the safety and efficacy of CBA is a question that has not been well-answered. Would it be helpful to develop a different generation of cryoballoon? Is bonus freezing beneficial, or not? Is it better to prolong freezing time? Dose CBA combined with RFCA bring higher success rates? In this review, we comprehensively summarized useful applications for improving outcomes of CBA in AF patients.

scholarly journals Line of Sight and Image Motion Compensation for Step and Stare Imaging System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7119
Author(s):  
Jihong Xiu ◽  
Pu Huang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Hongwen Zhang ◽  
Youyi Li
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Motion Compensation ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Control Flow ◽  
Image Motion ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Pointing Accuracy ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Pointing Control ◽  
And Control

In recent years, applications such as marine search and rescue, border patrol, etc. require electro-optical equipment to have both high resolution and precise geographic positioning abilities. The step and stare working based on a composite control system is a preferred solution. This paper proposed a step and stare system composed of two single-axis fast steering mirrors and a two-axis gimbal. The fast steering mirrors (FSMs) realize image motion compensation and the gimbal completes pointing control. The working principle and the working mode of the system are described first. According to the imaging optical path, the algorithm and control flow of the line of sight (LOS) and image motion compensation are developed. The proposed method is verified through ground imaging and flight tests. Under the condition of flight, the pointing accuracy of the target can be controlled within 15 m. The proposed algorithm can achieve effective motion compensation and get high-resolution images. This achieves high resolution and accurate LOS simultaneously.

Randomized Controlled Trial on Adjunctive Lavage for Severe Peritonitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-454
Author(s):  
Steve S. Wong ◽  
Wai-Yan Lau ◽  
Yim-Yuk Tse ◽  
Ping-Kwan Chan ◽  
Ching-Kit Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Severe Peritonitis ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

Background In severe peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis, patients’ response to antibiotic can be poor. We postulated that adjunctive lavage may improve the outcome in severe cases by enhancing the removal of bacteria and inflammatory cells from the peritoneum. Methods Severe PD peritonitis was defined as poor clinical response to empirical cefazolin/ceftazidime and a PD effluent (PDE) leukocyte count > 1,090/mm3 on day 3. Enrolled patients were randomized into either the lavage group ( n = 20) or control group ( n = 20). In the lavage group, continuous lavage by an automated PD machine from day 3 to 5 or 6 was performed, whereas the usual PD schedule was maintained in the control group. The primary outcome was treatment success. Post hoc analysis was also performed to compare the outcome between subgroups with different severity. Results Baseline parameters were similar in the lavage and control groups, including PDE leukocyte count on day 3 (4,871/mm3 vs 4,143/mm3, p = 0.46). Treatment success rates were high in both groups (75% vs 70%, p = 0.72). C-reactive protein (CRP) on day 3 was found to be the only predictor of treatment failure and was used to stratify all patients into tertiles of severity. Whilst a significant decline in treatment success was evident across the tertiles of increasing CRP in the control group (100% vs 85.7% vs 28.6%, p = 0.005), treatment success was relatively maintained in the lavage group (85.7% vs 71.4% vs 66.7%, p = 0.43). Conclusions Adjunctive lavage did not improve the overall outcome, although it may be beneficial for the more severe peritonitis patients who have high CRP.

Dynamic investigations of opto-mechanical properties of iPP/TiO2 nanocomposites fibres using fringe analysis techniques

Optik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 164683
Author(s):  
T.Z.N. Sokkar ◽  
M.A. El-Bakary ◽  
M.I. Raslan ◽  
N.A. AL-kalali ◽  
E.Z. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fringe Analysis ◽  
Analysis Techniques

Limit Cycle Analysis and Control of the Dissipative Chaplygin Sleigh

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Fedonyuk ◽  
Phanindra Tallapragada ◽  
Yongqiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Limit Cycles ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Translational Velocity ◽  
Periodic Forcing ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Chaplygin Sleigh ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gaining Insight

There are many types of systems in both nature and technology that exhibit limit cycles under periodic forcing. Sometimes, especially in swimming robots, such forcing is used to propel a body forward in a plane. Due to the complexity in studying a fluid system it is often useful to investigate the dynamics of an analogous land model. Such analysis can then be useful in gaining insight about and controlling the original fluid system. In this paper we investigate the behavior of the Chaplygin sleigh under the effect of viscous dissipation and sinusoidal forcing. This is shown to behave in a similar manner as certain robotic fish models. We then apply limit cycle analysis techniques to predict the behavior and control the net translational velocity of the sleigh in a horizontal plane.

scholarly journals Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. I. Training and validating population dynamics equations

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140037 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Liao ◽  
Thea D. Tlsty
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
And Control

Failure to understand evolutionary dynamics has been hypothesized as limiting our ability to control biological systems. An increasing awareness of similarities between macroscopic ecosystems and cellular tissues has inspired optimism that game theory will provide insights into the progression and control of cancer. To realize this potential, the ability to compare game theoretic models and experimental measurements of population dynamics should be broadly disseminated. In this tutorial, we present an analysis method that can be used to train parameters in game theoretic dynamics equations, used to validate the resulting equations, and used to make predictions to challenge these equations and to design treatment strategies. The data analysis techniques in this tutorial are adapted from the analysis of reaction kinetics using the method of initial rates taught in undergraduate general chemistry courses. Reliance on computer programming is avoided to encourage the adoption of these methods as routine bench activities.

Efficacy of Electro-Acupuncture in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (06) ◽  
pp. 1167-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wipoo Kumnerddee ◽  
Nitsara Pattapong
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Acupuncture Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
And Control

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of electro-acupuncture coupled with conventional treatments and compare it with the efficacy of conventional treatments alone in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Thirty patients with chronic refractory plantar fasciitis were randomly assigned to two groups. Subjects in the control group received five weeks of conventional treatments, including stretching exercise, shoe modification and rescue analgesics. Subjects in the acupuncture group received the same treatments plus ten sessions of electro-acupuncture twice weekly. Endpoints included a success rate determined by a minimum of a 50% decrease in Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Foot Function Index (FFI). At the end of treatment, VAS decreased significantly from 6.00 ± 1.69 to 1.89 ± 1.59 and from 6.27 ± 2.34 to 5.40 ± 2.26 in the acupuncture and control groups, respectively. FFI decreased significantly only in the acupuncture group (p < 0.05). Subjects in the acupuncture group obtained higher success rates than those in control group (80% and 13.3%, respectively). FFI in the acupuncture group was better than those in the control group (p < 0.001). At the sixth week follow-up, subjects in the acupuncture group showed a better FFI and success rate for pain during the day than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Electro-acupuncture coupled with conventional treatments provided a success rate of 80% in chronic planar fasciitis which was more effective than conventional treatments alone. The effects lasted for at least six weeks.

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