scholarly journals Modeling of spatial and temporal assessment of territorial risk in case of accidents during transportation of chemically dangerous goods by rail

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Y. Muntian ◽  
◽  
V. S. Cherno ◽  
H. V. Niepieina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Emission Source ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Meteorological Situation ◽  
Temporal Assessment

During the operation of railway transport, various pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere. Sources of pollutants on rail transport are divided into two main classes. The first class is moving sources. The second is stationary sources. From the standpoint of assessing the level of environmental safety and environmental protection, it is necessary to identify two main types of emissions of pollutants. The first type is an organized issue. For example, the emission of fuel combustion products during the operation of a locomotive. The second type is unorganized emission in case of emergencies at the stage of transportation of dangerous goods, their loading or unloading. For example, depressurization of the tank. This article considers the problem of unorganized emissions of chemically hazardous substances into the atmosphere during the operation of railway rolling stock. The transport of dangerous goods by rail poses a potential threat of large-scale environmental pollution in case of emergencies. The analysis of the situation shows that accidents on the railways of Ukraine occur quite often. The main causes of emergencies during the transportation of chemically dangerous goods by rail are: mechanical damage to capacitive equipment; corrosion, thermal action on capacitive equipment; depressurization of shut-off valves, welded joints; getting into the capacitive equipment of foreign substances; fatigue phenomena in metal, welded elements; equipment defects; errors during the design, manufacture, installation, repair of equipment; lack of optimization of routes for delivery of chemically dangerous goods to the consumer; collision of a train with motor transport at crossings. We should also not forget about the possibility of sabotage at railway facilities. For example, blasting tracks. During emergencies, large areas of contamination are formed during the transportation of chemically dangerous goods by rail. These pollution zones extend far into the regions adjacent to the railway. There are the following striking factors in emergencies during the transportation of chemically dangerous goods: cloud (train) of toxic substances; the emergence of a fireball; shock wave. One of the main reasons for exceeding the permissible concentrations of toxic substances and carcinogens in the atmosphere in the surrounding area is the emission of exhaust gases during the operation of main and shunting locomotives and in emergencies during the transportation of chemically dangerous goods. In the case of emissions of harmful and chemically hazardous substances in transport, the following tasks must be solved: assessment of the scale of pollution; assessment of potential territorial risk; development of measures to protect the environment from pollution. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop mathematical models that take into account the specifics of emissions of harmful and dangerous substances at railway facilities. When transporting chemically hazardous substances by rail, an important safety aspect must be taken into account – the distance between tracks, station areas and residential or industrial buildings. It is related to the requirement to protect, first of all, the population, as well as the territory from possible dangerous factors that arise during emergencies. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to forecast risk areas for residents of the adjacent accident site with chemically hazardous substances on the railway track, determine the rate of air pollution in the area and provide recommendations for the evacuation of civilians. In assessing the territorial risk in case of accidents on railway transport, accompanied by the emission of hazardous substances into the atmosphere, the method of spatial-temporal assessment was used. This method takes into account the following factors: the probable value of wind speed and direction; emission intensity; start and end time of the issue; state of the atmosphere; emission source movement. To forecast the territorial risk, it is necessary to know: the emission power of a hazardous substance; place of possible accident; scenario of meteorological situations; concentration field of a dangerous substance, which is formed for a specific meteorological situation. Territorial risk assessment in case of emergency leakage of hazardous substances at the railway station is carried out in two stages. Stage I – the calculation of the concentration field of a dangerous substance for a particular meteorological situation is carried out. Stage II – the calculation of the magnitude of territorial risk for each point of the region, taking into account the specified concentration threshold. Thus, the proposed mathematical model of the method of spatial-temporal assessment of territorial risk in the emission of hazardous substances by rail takes into account various factors. Namely: the influence of different meteorological situations, the power of the emission, the movement of the emission source, the trajectory of the warehouse, and so on. It also shows the speed (time) of propagation of the plume (cloud) of a dangerous substance, which allows the relevant services to carry out the necessary evacuation measures. The mathematical model of the method of spatial-temporal assessment of territorial risk is recommended to be used in the Head Department of the State Emergency Situations Service of Ukraine (DNSU of Ukraine) in Mykolayiv region to assess the consequences of extreme situations at chemically dangerous facilities in the region and transport.

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-500
Author(s):  
George W. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
National Health Survey ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Accidental Poisoning ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Organized Medicine ◽  
Poisoning In Children

ABOUT 10 years ago when the Committee on Accident Prevention was created, the Academy focused national attention on accidents as the No. 1 cause of death in childhood and a major contributor to disability, disfigurement and crippling. One of the most spectacular features of this Committee's program is its efforts to prevent and treat poisoning in children, as demonstrated by the amazing growth of poison control centers. Through these community facilities, valuable data on the occurrence and frequency of childhood poisoning have been brought to light. This information has documented an impression held for a long time by many pediatricians: namely, that the creativeness of modern chemistry is both a boon and a bane, the latter all too often in the case of toddlers from about 1 to 4 years of age. Legislation has always been one of the most important means of accident prevention, including accidental poisoning. For example, an early and very effective law aimed at reducing lye burns and deaths from corrosive poisoning in children was the Federal Caustic Poisons Act of 1927, which was developed with the support of organized medicine, under the able leadership of Chevalier Jackson, Sr. But as new products and new hazards increased, new legislation was required for greater protection. The Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act of July 1960 grew out of the concerted efforts of organized medicine and the industries concerned. This law now adds a new dimension to health protection from a wide variety of hazardous products found in or about the home, in addition to the 12 substances formerly labeled "Poison" under the old Caustic Poisons Act. Hazardous products include those that are flammable, toxic by ingestion, inhalation or absorption, explosive, caustic, irritant or strong sensitizers. Because parents often are not aware of the danger of such products, the articles are readily available to young children for unsafe investigation. Jensen and Wilson reported, in a study of 100 cases of poisonings in children, that "in 53 cases the poison was not in its usual place, either because it was in use, because persons other than the parents had left it out, or because the parents themselves were careless." Recent mortality data reveal that there are at least 1,400 deaths at all ages from solid and liquid substances, with about 450 deaths in children under 5 years. Last year 35,000 cases of accidental poisoning were reported to the National Clearinghouse from 182 centers in 37 States. The National Health Survey has estimated that 822,000 ingestions of toxic substances occur each year. Both the householder and physician will benefit from the requirements of this new law. Information to prevent accidents from household products and to offer appropriate first aid when accidents occur must now be readily available to users and physicians. The hazardous substance must be revealed, together with such precautionary warnings and measures as are necessary for safe use and handling of such products.

scholarly journals Safety Aspect in Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Railway Transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Drzewieniecka ◽  
Marzena Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Transport Process ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Safety Aspect ◽  
Transport Safety ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Abstract Safety in transportation of dangerous goods is an important issue in transport processes. The impact of transport damage on the level of safety is very high and therefore becomes a very important issue in transport. The number of breakdowns in railway transport is becoming more and more advanced with deterioration of wagon condition due to aging. Thanks to the analysis of these data, it was possible to approximate the problem of transport failures and their impact on the safety of people involved in this transport process. In addition, the simulation in ALOHA program has been carried out that allows to illustrate the effects of the hazardous substance release from the transport rail tank. This event may result from derailment of the wagon or breakage of the wagon component. The simulation shows the extent of the threat during the incident. The conducted researches and their analysis have shown the problems of railway transport safety on various levels and different planes.

Secondary Contamination of Medical Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities Resulting From Hazardous Materials Events, 2003–2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kevin Horton ◽  
Maureen Orr ◽  
Theodora Tsongas ◽  
Richard Leiker ◽  
Vikas Kapil
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazardous Material ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Emergency Events ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
Secondary Contamination

ABSTRACTBackground: When not managed properly, a hazardous material event can quickly extend beyond the boundaries of the initial release, creating the potential for secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities. Secondary contamination generally occurs when primary victims are not decontaminated or are inadequately decontaminated before receiving medical attention. This article examines the secondary contamination events reported to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and offers suggestions for preventing such events.Methods: Data from the ATSDR Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of hazardous material events occurring in 17 states during 2003 through 2006 involving secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities.Results: Fifteen (0.05%) Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance events were identified in which secondary contamination occurred. At least 17 medical personnel were injured as a result of secondary contamination while they were treating contaminated victims. Of the medical personnel injured, 12 were emergency medical technicians and 5 were hospital personnel. Respiratory irritation was the most common injury sustained.Conclusions: Adequate preplanning and drills, proper decontamination procedures, good field-to-hospital communication, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and effective training can help prevent injuries of medical personnel and contamination of transport vehicles and medical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:104–113)

scholarly journals Determining the Rational Motion Intensity of Train Traffic Flows on the Railway Corridors with Account for Balance of Expenses on Traction Resources and Cargo Owners

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Butko ◽  
Mykhailo Muzykin ◽  
Andrii Prokhorchenko ◽  
Halyna Nesterenko ◽  
Halyna Prokhorchenko
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
Destination Point

Abstract The article proposes a method for determining the rational motion intensity of specific train traffic flows on railway transport corridors with account for balance of expenses on traction resources and cargo owners. A mathematical model based on stochastic optimization is developed, which allows to optimize, in the conditions of risks, the interval between trailing trains on the railway lines taking into account the limited resources of the traction rolling stock, the capacity of the stations and freight fronts at the cargo destination point. Solving this mathematical model allows to find a balance between the expenses for movement of train traffic flows from different railway lines to their terminal reference station and the expenses of a consignee, subject to the limitations of the technological logistics chain in cargo transportation. For the solution of this mathematical model, a Real-coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) was used.

scholarly journals Modern challenges of dangerous and extraordinary goods transportations

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Popkowski ◽  
Dmytro Bugayko
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
General Order ◽  
Transport Of Dangerous Goods ◽  
And Training

Dangerous goods - goods which, by the nature of their physical characteristics, chemical composition, dimensions, or other specific features and nature (live animals or fish), for some reason endanger human life or health, the environment natural or general order or material goods, including those with features of the principles of humanitarianism. The transport of dangerous and oversize goods is one of the most difficult specialties in the field of goods transport in public transport, in particular in road and rail transport. Such transport is regulated by a number of legal acts that do not apply to companies carrying out tasks related to the transport of loads, the so-called neutral. The United Nations has created a closed TN directory, giving everyone a four-digit "UN number", at the same time dividing them into classes depending on the threat or the predominant threat. The provisions of the ADR agreement relate, inter alia, to the rules (requirements) for TN transport in terms of limiting the possible effects of a potential release of hazardous substances (e.g. as a result of road or rail collisions), as well as, above all, the forms and principles of preventing the possibility of such events. The transport of dangerous goods is a special type of transport and it is subject to specific legal provisions, meeting and observing a number of specific requirements. The safety of this type of transport depends on the proper organization of its transport and the maximum involvement of participants in the entire process. The organization of the transport of hazardous materials requires a comprehensive, comprehensive view of the vehicle, packaging and cargo (means of transport and packaging should be adapted to the transported goods) as well as people involved in the preparation of transport, drivers with appropriate authorizations and training, setting the route, securing this routes in terms of maintaining safety in the event of an emergency. The article offers the author's approaches to the investigation of modern challenges of dangerous and extraordinary goods transportations.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling for prediction of complicated acute appendicitis in children

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
V. S. Konoplitsky ◽  
V. V. Motygin ◽  
A. G. Yakimenko ◽  
D. V. Dmytriiev ◽  
T. I. Mikhalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Endogenous Intoxication ◽  
Complicated Course ◽  
Complicated Acute Appendicitis

Endogenous intoxication, which accompanies the complicated course of acute appendicitis in children, is one of the serious conditions, which are the main cause of complications in the postoperative period. Diverse clinical observations done by clinicians suggest that despite the use of modern technologies in operating equipment, anesthetic support, the number of complications in the postoperative period has no tendency to decrease, and the main cause of lethal outcomes with appendicular peritonitis is lightning development of severe degree of endotoxicosis, which develops as a result of resorbing toxic substances formed of many components, including pathogenic microflora and destruction metabolism. Purpose. Creation of a mathematical model for prediction of complicated acute appendicitis in children using the functions of regression analysis of EXCEL spreadsheet by approximating experimental data. Materials and methods. In the work, there is information about 59 patients with acute appendicitis treated at the clinic of pediatric surgery at the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University. The data on patients were divided into two groups: patients with not complicated course of pathology – 24 patients, and patients with complicated course of acute appendicitis – 35 children. The control group served the data of 37 healthy children. In each of the three groups, the following parameters were studied: gender, age, bed day, duration of the disease, presence of symptoms of peritoneal irritation, the nature of exudate in the abdominal cavity, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, leukocytosis, quantitative characteristics of white blood formula, ESR, cellogenic endogenous intoxication: leukocyte index of intoxication and hematological index of intoxication. All the data were determined directly at the time of hospitalization of a patient to the hospital. Results. Discussion. Based on multiple correlation x = f (x1 , x2 ) a two-factor mathematical model of probability of the complicated course of acute appendicitis in children was created. According to the obtained results of the study of the system of three equations with three unknowns, it was established that if the indicator of the form of the disease is y = 2.67 and above, when, in numerical terms, the result falls into the zone of complicated flow of acute appendicitis and completely coincides with data analysis of the three groups of patients. Conclusions. The components that determine the uncomplicated course of acute appendicitis in children, according to the developed two-factor model, include LII and GPI, which exceed the values intoxication of certain intervals studied at the time of hospitalization. The analyzed indices were determined by the degree of severity of the pathological process, duration of disease, virulence of microflora and age of patients against the background of the formed endogenous intoxication syndrome.

scholarly journals Radioanalytical Techniques to Quantitatively Assess the Biological Uptake and In Vivo Behavior of Hazardous Substances

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Jae Young Lee ◽  
Sajid Mushtaq ◽  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Hee Soon Shin ◽  
So-Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Imaging ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Biological Uptake ◽  
Radioanalytical Methods

Concern about environmental exposure to hazardous substances has grown over the past several decades, because these substances have adverse effects on human health. Methods used to monitor the biological uptake of hazardous substances and their spatiotemporal behavior in vivo must be accurate and reliable. Recent advances in radiolabeling chemistry and radioanalytical methodologies have facilitated the quantitative analysis of toxic substances, and whole-body imaging can be achieved using nuclear imaging instruments. Herein, we review recent literature on the radioanalytical methods used to study the biological distribution, changes in the uptake and accumulation of hazardous substances, including industrial chemicals, nanomaterials, and microorganisms. We begin with an overview of the radioisotopes used to prepare radiotracers for in vivo experiments. We then summarize the results of molecular imaging studies involving radiolabeled toxins and their quantitative assessment. We conclude the review with perspectives on the use of radioanalytical methods for future environmental research.

Development and Implementation of Guidelines for Federal On-Scene Coordinators for Protecting Historic Properties

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan C. Thorman ◽  
Pamela Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historic Preservation ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Contingency Plan ◽  
National Response ◽  
Response Team

ABSTRACT In 1997, the National Response Team completed a Programmatic Agreement on Protection of Historic Properties during Emergency Response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. This agreement, which was drafted by a National Response Team ad hoc committee consisting of representatives of National Response Team member agencies, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, has important ramifications for federal On-Scene Coordinators and responsible parties conducting spill response in the United States. The purpose of the Programmatic Agreement is to ensure that historic properties are appropriately taken into account in planning for and conducting emergency response to oil spills and hazardous substance releases under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The agreement provides a uniform, nationwide approach to considering and protecting historic properties before and during an emergency response. Signatories, which include the U.S. Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency, agree to implement this Programmatic Agreement or to develop and then implement regional Programmatic Agreements that are consistent with the nationwide Programmatic Agreement and the National Historic Preservation Act. As of September 1998, implementation of the nationwide Programmatic Agreement and development of regional Programmatic Agreements were just beginning by Regional Response Teams and federal On-Scene Coordinators throughout the United States. The Alaska Regional Response Team, whose development of regional cultural resources guidelines in the early 1990s led to the development of the nationwide Programmatic Agreement, had begun preparing a document on implementation of the nationwide Programmatic Agreement in Alaska. The emergency response provisions of the nationwide Programmatic Agreement were implemented for the first time in the November 1997, M/V Kuroshima spill near Dutch Harbor, Alaska. The major lesson learned from this incident with regard to the nationwide Programmatic Agreement is that its provisions are workable and can contribute to the overall success of the response.

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