EVALUATION OF ACCESS TO ORAL HEALTH AND THE NEED FOR TREATMENT IN ADOLESCENTS IN A FULL-TIME SCHOOL SYSTEM

This study evaluated the self-perception of adolescents' oral health and their oral conditions and the need for treatment in relation to dental caries. An epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipality of Belém, Pará, Brazil, in 2018. The sample consisted of 200 students, aged 11 to 16 years old, from a full-time public school. The data were collected through a questionnaire where their self-perception of their oral health was assessed and an intra-oral examination was carried out to assess oral health conditions in relation to dental caries, using the Dental Caries Index and need for treatment (ICDNT). The data analysis was based on the Chi-square test, and when the npq <5 restriction occurred, Fisher's exact test was applied. The comparison between quantitative variables was performed using the Student's t test. The average DMFT index was 3.57, with only 17% of the studied population free of caries. The carious component was the one with the greatest significance (3.14) and the need for treatment with the highest prevalence was the restoration of one face (47.5%). A percentage of 88.5% of the adolescents evaluated answered that they did not take a toothbrush to school. The studied sample had a moderate prevalence of caries compared to the parameters recommended by the WHO, but above the standard obtained in the national survey carried out in 2010. Therefore, it is necessary to implement measures aimed at improving the quality of oral health of these adolescents and a full-time system would be a ideal for implementing good habits and routines for the adolescent’s oral health.

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Incidence of adverse drug reactions induced by N-acetylcysteine in patients with acetaminophen overdose

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327109359642 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 153-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sa'ed H Zyoud ◽

Rahmat Awang ◽

Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman ◽

Waleed M Sweileh ◽

Samah W Al-jabi

Keyword(s):

Adverse Drug Reactions ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Drug Reactions ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Acetaminophen Overdose ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Comparative Results ◽

Student’S T

Background: Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) is widely recognized as the antidote of choice for acetaminophen overdose. However, its use is not without adverse drug reactions (ADR) that might affect therapeutic outcome or lead to treatment delay. Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the type and incidence of ADR induced by IV-NAC in patients treated for acetaminophen overdose. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to the hospital for acute acetaminophen overdose over a period of 4 years (1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008). The primary outcome of interest in this study was the occurrence of ADR during NAC administration. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, student’s t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in univariate analysis. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Two hundred and fifty five patients were studied. Different types of ADR were observed in 119 (46.7%) cases. Of those patients, 83 (69.7%) had been treated with IV-NAC versus 36 (30.3%) who had not (p < .001). The following ADR were significantly associated with IV-NAC administration: vomiting (p = .001), flushing (p < .001), rash (p < .001), pruritus (p < .001), chest pain (p = .001), bronchospasm (p = .03), coughing (p = .01), headache (p = .001), dizziness (p < .001), convulsion (p = .03), and hypotension (p = .001). ADR were mild in 54 (43.2%), moderate in 17 (13.6%), and severe in 12 (9.6%) patients. There were no ADR in 42 (33.6%) patients. Comparative results of the characteristics of patients who reacted to IV-NAC and nonreactors showed that patients with ADR had no significant difference in age, gender, ethnicity, amount ingested, latency time, and acetaminophen level than nonreactors. Conclusion: ADR to IV-NAC were common among patients with acetaminophen overdose, but mostly minor and all reported adverse reactions were easily managed.

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Knowledge and Practices of Mothers towards Infant Oral Health Care in Their Children’s First Year of Life

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.17921/2447-8938.2021v22n3p223-229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 223-229

Author(s):

Mayara Delfino Sentone Rossato ◽

Márjori Frítola ◽

Paulo Henrique Rossato ◽

Valéria Campos Mariano Francelino ◽

Regina Célia Poli-Frederico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Social Class ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

First Year ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Social ◽

Health Related ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

First Year Of Life

AbstractThis study aimed to assess mothers’ oral health-related knowledge and practices in immediate and late puerperium, and in the child’s first year of life. This study is a prospective cohort study, in which data were collected from 358 mothers of children born between 2013 and 2014, in immediate and late puerperium, and in children’s first year of life, by interviews with sociodemographic characterization and oral health questionnaires, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square test (α = 5%). Participants were mainly aged 20 to 29 years (53.9%), with 7 to 11 years of education (67.6%), from low social class (72.3%), unemployed (58.9%), married or in common-law marriage (84.1%), with more than one child (60.1%). Although 51.7% of them had received information about children’s oral health, only 0.8%, 32.4% and 13.7%, respectively, knew the concept, etiology and preventive attitudes regarding dental caries. Mothers aged under 20 and over 30 years, with lower education and from low social class presented significantly lower oral health-related knowledge. At children’s first year of life, although 78.7% of the children had already been taken to the dentist, half of them had already tasted sugary foods and drinks. It is highlighted the social determination and the need of an improvement of mothers’ oral health related knowledge and practices. Educational actions, especially in prenatal programs, are important to achieve this improvement and to decrease early childhood caries rates.Keywords: Dental Caries. Child. Health Knowledge Attitudes, Practice. Parents. Oral Health.ResumoAvaliar o conhecimento e as práticas de mães sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos no puerpério imediato, tardio, e no primeiro ano de vida da criança. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectiva, no qual os dados foram coletados de 358 mães de bebês nascidos entre 2013 e 2014, no puerpério imediato, tardio e um ano após o parto, por entrevistas com perguntas sobre dados sociodemográficos e sobre saúde bucal. Os dados foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas e pelo teste Qui-quadrado (α = 5%). As participantes apresentavam, majoritariamente, idades entre 20 a 29 anos (53,9%), com 7 a 11 anos de estudo (67,6%), eram de baixa classe social (72,3%), desempregadas (58,9%), casadas ou em união estável (84,1%), e tinham mais de um filho (60,1%). Apesar de 51.7% delas afirmarem ter recebido informações sobre saúde bucal infantil, apenas 0,8%, 32,4% e 13,7%, respectivamente, sabiam o conceito, etiologia e as atitudes preventivas à cárie. Mães com idades abaixo de 20 e acima de 29 anos apresentaram menor conhecimento sobre saúde bucal do que as demais. No primeiro ano de vida, apesar de 78,7% das crianças já terem ido ao dentista, metade delas já havia experimentado alimentos e bebidas açucarados. Destaca-se a determinação social e a necessidade de melhora no conhecimento e práticas das mães sobre saúde bucal. Ações educativas, especialmente em programas de atenção pré-natal, são importantes para atingir essa melhora e, consequentemente, diminuir as taxas da cárie na primeira infância. Palavras-chave: Cárie Dentária. Criança. Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Práticas em Saúde. Pais. Saúde Bucal.

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Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Karies pada Gigi Molar Pertama Bawah Permanen pada Anak Usia 6-8 Tahun di SDN 36 Manado

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.7.1.2019.23307 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Avita Aulia ◽

Paulina N. Gunawan ◽

Shirley E. S. Kawengian

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Relationship

Abstract: Caries is the presence of a cavity on the tooth caused by the activity of microorganism on fermented carbohydrate. Nutritional status is resulting from food consumption, which is one of the factors that influence the occurence of dental caries. This study was aimed to obtain the relationship between nutritional status and caries in permanent lower first molar among students of SDN 36 (elementary school) Manado. This was an analytical study using a cross sectional design. There were 48 students at SDN 36 Manado aged 6-8 years in this study obtained by using total sampling technique. We used the nutritional status based on length-for-age and BMI-for-age using the z-scores WHO anthropometrical standards for children aged 5-18 years and examined the oral cavity whether there was caries in permanent lower first molars. The results showed that caries in permanent lower first molars was found in 77.1% of subjects. Nutritional status based on length-for-age showed normal category (83.3%) and short stature/stunted (16.7%). The nutritional status based on BMI-for-age showed obese category (22.9%), overweight (8.3%), normal (60.5%), wasted (8.3%), and severely wasted (0.0%). The Fisher’s Exact test and the Chi-Square test showed that the relationship between length-for-age and the occurence of caries had a p-value of 1,000 meanwhile the relationship between nutritional status based on BMI-for-age and the occurence of caries had a p-value of 0.024. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between nutritional status based on BMI-for-age and caries in the permanent lower first molars in children aged 6-8 years at SDN 36 Manado.Keywords: dental caries, permanent lower first molar, nutritional status Abstrak: Karies adalah adanya rongga pada yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas jasad renik terhadap karbohidrat yang dapat diragikan. Status gizi merupakan keadaan tubuh sebagai akibat konsumsi makanan, yang menjadi salah satu faktor yang dapat memengaruhi proses terjadinya karies gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status gizi dengan karies gigi molar pertama bawah permanen pada anak usia 6-8 tahun di SDN 36 Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling terhadap seluruh siswa di SDN 36 Manado berusia 6-8 tahun pada tahun 2019 yang berjumlah 48 orang. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran status gizi TB/U dan IMT/U berdasarkan SD dengan standar baku antropometri WHO untuk anak usia 5-18 tahun serta pemeriksaan rongga mulut untuk melihat ada tidaknya karies pada gigi molar pertama bawah permanen. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan terdapatnya karies pada gigi molar pertama bawah permanen sebesar 77,1% subyek. Status gizi berdasarkan TB/U didapatkan subyek kategori normal (83,3%) dan pendek/stunted (16,7%). Status gizi berdasarkan IMT/U didapatkan kategori obesitas (22,9%), gemuk (8,3%), normal (60,5%), kurus (8,3%), serta sangat kurus (0,0%). Hasil uji Fisher’s Exact dan uji Chi-Square menunjukkan untuk TB/U nilai p=1,000 sedangkan untuk IMT/U nilai p=0,024. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status gizi berdasarkan IMT/U dengan karies gigi molar pertama bawah permanen pada anak usia 6-8 tahun di SDN 36 Manado.Kata kunci: karies gigi, molar pertama bawah permanen, status gizi

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Bio-sociodemographic and economic aspects and their connection to the oral health behavior of Brazilian and non-Brazilian academics

Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascihealthsci.v41i1.42649 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 42649

Author(s):

Ana Gesselena Da Silva Farias ◽

Gabriela Silva Cruz ◽

Juliana Costa Rodrigues ◽

Francisco Cezanildo Silva Benedito ◽

Daniel Freire de Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Dental Care ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

Chi Square ◽

Dental Floss ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

International University ◽

Brazilian Students

The objective of this study is to characterize, relate and compare bio-sociodemographic and economic aspects, hygiene perception, habits and behaviors in the oral health of students recently admitted to an international university. This is a descriptive and quantitative study conducted with 101 Brazilian and non-Brazilian academics. For that purpose, a questionnaire was applied. The data were analyzed and submitted to Fisher’s exact test and Chi-square test. Male and Brazilian students predominated, followed by Guineans. Regarding the perception about oral health, 50.5% of Brazilian academics and 63.3% of non-Brazilian students considered it regular. Of the total participants, more than half of Brazilian and non-Brazilian students brushed their teeth 3 times a day. About dental floss, 98% of Brazilians know it and 76% of non-Brazilian didn’t use it. There was a significant association between the students with age lower than or equal to 18 years and the search for dental care, as well as income above one minimum wage and demand for this type of care. There were similarities and discrepancies between the behavior of Brazilian and non-Brazilian academics. Factors such as age lower than or equal to 18 years and income above one minimum wage positively influenced the search for dental care.

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Relationship of Mother Behavior Against Dental Caries Incidence in Toddler at Putra Sentosa Early Childhood

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v5i22017.142-151 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Ajeng Nindya Cahyaningrum

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Case Control ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Dental caries disease is mostly found on toddlers age 3-5. Mothers hopefully, can do precaution by maintaining toddlers dental and mouth health properly. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the knowledge, attitude, and action of the mother about dental and mouth health against dental caries. This study used case control design. The subjects were taken from a population by simple random sampling technique. Analysis of the results of studies using non-parametric test is Chi-square test, The result showed mothers’ knowledge of oral health into the category of low at 57.4%, with a risk factor (OR) gained 4.04 times higher dental caries, while most of the low attitude about oral health toddlers of 62.5%, with a risk factor (OR) gained 3,33 times higher dental caries, while the majority of the capital actions included in the unfavorable category that is 58.8%, with the risk factors (OR) gained 4.00 times higher dental caries. The analysis results are obtained the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and actions of the mother’s oral health on the incidence of dental caries toddlers. It is suggested the parents, especially the mother has an important role for the growth of children, let increased knowledge about oral health toddlers that includes understanding, benefits, and the prevention of diseases that can be prevented by maintaining healthy teeth and mouth. Keywords:knowledge, practices, dental caries, mother, toddler

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Does breastfeeding protect children from COVID-19? An observational study from pediatric services in Majorca, Spain

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00430-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Jan Ramakers ◽

Isabel Vinuela ◽

Maria-Isabel Martin-Delgado ◽

Aina Prohens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Student’S T ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background It has been demonstrated that children who had been breastfed remain better protected against various infections, and notably respiratory tract infections, well beyond infancy. Since the role of breastfeeding to explain why children are less affected by COVID-19 has not been studied until now, the aim of this study was to determine whether any history of breastfeeding reduces the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an observational study on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 in Majorca. A total of 691 children were recruited during the 5 months of August–December 2020. Eligible participants were children under 14 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric emergency services. The independent explanatory variable was any breastfeeding. Bivariate analyses were conducted through the Chi-square test, the Fisher’s Exact test or the Student’s T test. All children had the same demographic, epidemiological and clinical data collected through a study team member interview and via the participants medical records. Results Within the sample of children who visited emergency services with symptoms of potential COVID-19, we found higher prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results among those who were exclusively formula fed compared with those who were ever breastfed (OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.45, 3.51; P = 0.036). Conclusions The present study suggests that ever breastfeeding reduces the risk of COVID-19 among children, as documented for other infections.

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Ανοσολογική διερεύνηση των παιδιών με κοιλιοκάκη

10.12681/eadd/41829 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Μαρουδιά Κρίνη

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

T Test ◽

Odds Ratios ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Fisher's Exact Test ◽

Fisher’S Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν να διερευνήσει την κατανομή των HLA-DRB1, DQA1 και DQB1 αλληλομόρφων γονιδίων, των απλοτύπων και γονοτύπων στον ελληνικό παιδιατρικό πληθυσμό με κοιλιοκάκη, σε σύγκριση με τους υγιείς μάρτυρες, και να αξιολογήσει την επίδραση των HLA τάξης ΙΙ γονιδίων στην επιδεκτικότητα της νόσου. Παράλληλα, αναζητήθηκαν συσχετίσεις του HLA-γενετικού υποστρώματος των ασθενών με τα κλινικά, επιδημιολογικά, ορολογικά και ιστολογικά χαρακτηριστικά της νόσου.Μελετήθηκαν 118 παιδιά με κοιλιοκάκη ελληνικής καταγωγής. Oι συμπτωματικοί ασθενείς ταξινομήθηκαν σε 3 ομάδες ως εξής: ομάδα Α = DQB1*02 ομοζυγώτες, ομάδα Β = DQB1*02 ετεροζυγώτες και ομάδα Γ = DQB1*02 αρνητικοί ασθενείς. Ως ομάδα ελέγχου, για τη σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων της HLA τυποποίησης των ασθενών, χρησίμευσε η HLA τυποποίηση 120 υγιών ατόμων, δοτών αίματος και μυελού των οστών, μη συγγενών μεταξύ τους, ελληνικής καταγωγής και εθνικότητας. Η γονιδιακή HLA τυποποίηση πραγματοποιήθηκε με τις μεθόδους PCR-SSP και PCR-SSO. Η στατιστική ανάλυση περιελάμβανε τα Pearson’s Chi-Square test, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney και Kruskal-Wallis test. Ο βαθμός τη σχέσης ελέγχθηκε με ακριβή λογιστική παλινδρόμηση (exact logistic regression) και παρουσιάστηκε ως λόγος σχετικών πιθανοτήτων (odds ratios, OR). Tα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν στατιστικά αυξημένη συχνότητα των HLA-DQB1*02:01, DQB1*02:02, DQA1*02:01, DQA1*05:01, DRB1*03 και DRB1*07 και στατιστικά μειωμένη συχνότητα των HLA-DQB1*03:01, DQB1*05:01, DQB1*05:02, DQA1*01:01, DQA1*01:02, DQA1*01:04, DQA1*05:05, DRB1*01 και DRB1*16 στους ασθενείς σε σύγκριση με τους υγιείς μάρτυρες. Σε επίπεδο απλοτύπων, ο κύριος συσχετιζόμενος με την κοιλιοκάκη απλότυπος ήταν ο DR3-DQ2 και ακολούθησε ο DR7-DQ2. Το 95,8% των ασθενών με κοιλιοκάκη εκφράζει το DQ2 ή/και το DQ8 μόριο. Μόνο ένας στους 118 ασθενείς, που αντιστοιχεί σε πιθανότητα 0,8%, δεν εκφράζει κανένα από τα συσχετιζόμενα με την κοιλιοκάκη αλλήλια και είναι DQ2/DQ8/DQA1*05/DQB1*02 - αρνητικός. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης έδειξαν μια στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά στον τίτλο των ΕΜΑ αντισωμάτων μεταξύ των ομάδων Α και Γ. Αναλυτικά, οι τίτλοι των ΕΜΑ αντισωμάτων είναι σημαντικά υψηλότεροι στους HLA-DQB1*02 ομοζυγώτες σε σχέση με τους HLA-DQB1*02 αρνητικούς ασθενείς, γεγονός που πιθανόν να αντανακλά μια HLA-DQB1*02 δοσοεξαρτώμενη επίδραση στον τίτλο των ΕΜΑ αντισωμάτων.Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα διατριβή περιγράφει για πρώτη φορά στον ελληνικό παιδιατρικό πληθυσμό τη συχνότητα εμφάνισης των HLA τάξης ΙΙ αλληλομόρφων γονιδίων, απλοτύπων και γονοτύπων, και επιβεβαιώνει τη συμβολή των HLA τάξης ΙΙ γονιδίων στη γενετική προδιάθεση της νόσου. Επιπλέον, παρέχει στοιχεία που υποδηλώνουν μια πιθανή HLΑ-DQB1*02 δοσοεξαρτώμενη επίδραση στον τίτλο των ΕΜΑ αντισωμάτων.

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Evaluation of Child Self-perception Regarding Their Oro-dental Status

Acta Medica Marisiensis ◽

10.2478/amma-2013-0061 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 264-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mártha I. Krisztina ◽

Roșu Sorana ◽

Gyergyay Réka ◽

Vikárius Katalin

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

Dental Status ◽

Average Score ◽

Self Perception ◽

Deep Bite ◽

Need For Treatment ◽

Knowledge And Attitude

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of oral health and the self-perception of children regarding their oro-dental status, their knowledge and attitude towards oral health. Methods: A sample of 130 children (11-14 years) and one of their parents were asked to complete a Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) in Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania. From these, 69 children were examined and data was recorded about Decayed-Missing-Filled Teeth (DMFT), oral hygiene, dental malposition and malocclusion, Aesthetic Component of Index of Treatment Need (AC-IOTN). Consent of the parents was obtained. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: The optimal score of CPQ evaluation is 96 and the maximum score achieved was 93, the minimum was 43. 78.10 average score can be graded as medium. As the data points out, most of the children and their parents have a medium knowledge and self-perception. The clinical examination underline the main problems: dental caries (62%), occlusal coloration (23%), dental malposition (17%), rooftop deep bite (14%), dental rotation and crowding (12%), dental plaque and tartar (10%). As far as the AC-IOTN is concerned, 48 of 69 children have no need for treatment, 18 have a high need for treatment, and 3 have a moderate need for treatment. Conclusions: Overall, the children and their parents have a poor oral health knowledge, which is reflected in the medium level of the achieved CPQ scores, in the clinical examination and can be associated with high levels of dental caries and malocclusion

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Infant Feeding Type of Children Who Qualify For SARS-CoV-2 Testing: An Observational Study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-610084/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sergio Verd ◽

Jan Ramakers ◽

Isabel Vinuela ◽

Maria-Isabel Martin-Delgado ◽

Aina Prohens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Student’S T ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: It has been demonstrated that children who had been breastfed remain better protected against various infections, and notably respiratory tract infections, well beyond infancy. Since the role of breastfeeding to explain why children are less affected by COVID-19 has not been studied until now, the aim of this study was to determine whether any history of breastfeeding reduces the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children.Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an observational study on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 in Majorca. A total of 691 children were recruited. Eligible participants were children under 14 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric emergency services. The independent explanatory variable was initial breastfeeding. Bivariate analyses were conducted through the Chi-square test, the Fisher's Exact test or the Student’s T test. All children had the same demographic, epidemiological and clinical data collected through a study team member interview and via the participants medical records. Aspredicted Trials Registry number is #62721. Results: Within the sample of children who visited emergency services with symptoms of potential COVID-19, we found higher prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results among those who were exclusively formula fed compared with those who were ever breastfed (OR, 2.48; 95%CI, 1.45-3.51; P=0.036). Conclusions: Since approximately 1 in 60 ever breastfed symptomatic children had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 versus 1 in 25 never breastfed symptomatic children, this study shows that initially breastfed children remain at lower risk of COVID-19.

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Analysis of Behavior With Features of Addiction and Primary Prevention for Full-time Students at Masaryk University

Lifelong Learning ◽

10.11118/lifele2015050345 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 45-74

Author(s):

Petr Kachlík

Keyword(s):

Primary Prevention ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Full Time ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Addiction Prevention ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Questionnaire Studies ◽

The University

The aim of the research studies presented here was a description and analysis of potentially addictive behavior in a sample of full-time students at Masaryk University and its possible prevention. There were 3 anonymous questionnaire studies , first charted in a sample of 9,993 respondents experience with addictive drugs of legal and illegal type, their opinions and attitudes. In the second study there were interviewed 2,475 people on issues aimed at potentially hazardous activities, especially virtual drugs. The third investigation in a sample of 2,176 people concerned primary prevention activities at the University, their efficiency, attractiveness, student involvement. The collected data were electronically recorded and subjected to statistical processing (descriptive statistics, chi-square test and its modifications, Fisher exact test). The results showed that the most commonly used addictive substances in the sample were alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, cannabis, to lesser extent also hallucinogens, depressants not requiring prescription and dancing drugs. Respondents normally work with a computer, internet and mobile phone, usually an hour a day. One fifth of the sample was addressed with addiction prevention, almost exclusively in the classroom. In primary prevention there are used mainly monologue lectures on the issue of alcohol and nicotine, which lack feedback, interactivity, adequate length, continuity and systematicity.

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