Management of postoperative internal carotid artery intimal flap after carotid endarterectomy: a cohort study and systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rychen ◽  
Adrian Madarasz ◽  
Michael Murek ◽  
Philippe Schucht ◽  
Mirjam R. Heldner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Intimal Flap

OBJECTIVE Postoperative internal carotid artery (ICA) intimal flap (IF) is a potential complication after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for carotid artery stenosis. There are no clear recommendations in the current literature on the management of this condition due to sparse evidence. Some authors advocate carotid stent placement or reoperation, while others suggest watchful waiting. The aim of this study was to analyze incidence and management strategies of postoperative ICA-IF, and moreover, to put these findings into context with a systematic literature review. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed all consecutive CEA cases performed at the University Hospital of Bern over a decade (January 2008 to December 2018). The incidence of postoperative ICA-IF, risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes were analyzed. These results were put into context with a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 725 CEAs were performed between January 2008 and December 2018. Postoperative ICA-IF was detected by routine duplex neurovascular ultrasound (NVUS) in 13 patients, corresponding to an incidence rate of 1.8% (95% CI 1.0%–3.1%). There were no associated intraluminal thrombi on the detected IF. Intraoperative shunt placement was used in 5.6% and one or more intima tack sutures were performed in 42.5% of the 725 cases. There was no significant association between intraoperative shunt placement and the occurrence of an IF (p > 0.99). Two patients (15.4%) with IF experienced a transient postoperative neurological deficit (transient ischemic attack). In these cases, the symptoms resolved spontaneously without any interventions or change in the antiplatelet regimen. All other cases (84.6%) with IF were asymptomatic. In 1 patient (7.7%) with IF, the antiplatelet treatment was switched from a mono- to a dual-antiaggregating regimen because the IF led to a stenosis > 70%; this patient remained asymptomatic. All cases of IFs were managed conservatively with close radiological follow-up evaluations, without reoperation or stenting of the ICA. All 13 IFs vanished spontaneously after a mean duration of 6.9 months (median 1.5 months, range 0.5–48 months). A systematic literature review revealed a postoperative ICA-IF incidence of 3.0% (95% CI 2.1%–4.1%) with relatively heterogenous management strategies. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative ICA-IF is a rare finding after CEA. Conservative therapy with close NVUS follow-up evaluations appears to be an acceptable and safe management strategy for asymptomatic IFs without associated intraluminal thrombi.

scholarly journals Surgical Treatment of Proximal Segmental Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Srdjan Babić ◽  
Slobodan Tanasković ◽  
Mihailo Nešković ◽  
Predrag Gajin ◽  
Dragoslav Nenezić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Coronary Syndrome

Purpose. To present the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of carotid endarterectomy in patients with type II internal carotid artery occlusions, including the long-term outcomes. Methods. From March 2008 to August 2015, 74 consecutive patients (48 men with a mean age of 65.1 ± 8.06 years) underwent carotid endarterectomy because of internal carotid artery (ICA) segmental occlusions. These were verified with preoperative carotid duplex scans (CDS) and CT angiography (CTA). Also, brain CT scanning was performed in all these patients. The indication for treatment was made jointly by a vascular surgeon, neurologist, and an interventional radiologist in a multidisciplinary team (MDT) context. After successful treatment, all the patients were followed-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, then every 6 months thereafter. Results. The most common symptom at presentation was transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in 49 patients (66.2%), followed by stroke in the past six months in the 17 remaining patients (23%). Revascularisation of the ICA with endarterectomy techniques was performed successfully in all the patients with an average clamp time of 11.9 min. All the procedures were performed under general anaesthesia in combination with a superficial cervical block. The early complication rate was 8.1% and included two cardiac events (2.7%) (one rhythm disorder and one acute coronary syndrome), three TIAs (4.1%), and one intracerebral hemorrhage (1.3%). Only one patient with the intracerebral hemorrhage died 5 days after surgery giving a postoperative mortality of 1.3% for this series. During the follow-up period (mean 50.4 ± 31.3 months), the primary patency rates at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years were 98.4%, 94.9%, 92.9%, and 82.9%, respectively. Likewise, the survival rates were 98.7%, 96.8%, 89%, and 77.6%, respectively. Ultrasound Doppler controls during follow-up detected 8 ICA restenoses; however, only 3 of these patients required further endovascular treatment. Conclusions. Carotid endarterectomy of internal carotid artery (ICA) segmental occlusion is a safe and effective procedure associated with acceptable risk and good long-term results. Therefore, the current guidelines which do not recommend carotid endarterectomy in this patient group should be reassessed, with the requirement for ongoing large-scale randomized controlled trials to compare CEA with best medical therapy in this patient cohort.

Endovascular Treatment for Pseudo-occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery

Neurosurgery ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Terada ◽  
Mitsuharu Tsuura ◽  
Hiroyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Osamu Masuo ◽  
Tomoyuki Tsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Carotid Stenting ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Embolic Protection

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The surgical benefit to pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is controversial. Because the benefit of carotid endarterectomy for pseudo-occlusion of the ICA remains uncertain, we examined the use of carotid stenting as a possible alternative treatment for this condition. METHODS: Twenty cases of carotid pseudo-occlusion (17 symptomatic, three asymptomatic) were treated with carotid artery stenting. Nineteen patients were treated with various embolic protection techniques. Our clinical results, including angiographic follow-up data, perioperative complications, and data on the effectiveness of the embolic protection methods were studied for ICA pseudo-occlusion. RESULTS: All pseudo-occlusions were successfully dilated, and the stenotic ratio was reduced from 95 to 6.7% on average. No neurological deterioration was encountered in any of the cases, although one patient died of cardiac event 1 day after treatment. None of the patients experienced stroke during the mean 24.8 month follow-up period, although one patient died from myocardial infarction. Among the 17 cases in which follow-up angiography was performed at 6 months after stenting, only one patient demonstrated restenosis. This patient was successfully treated with repeated percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The rate of restenosis in our series was 5.9%, and the morbidity/mortality rate within 30 days was 5%. CONCLUSION: The clinical results of carotid stenting for ICA pseudo-occlusion under embolic protection were fairly good from the viewpoints of periprocedural neurological morbidity, angiographic follow-up results, and stroke prevention. Carotid stenting can be considered an alternative to carotid endarterectomy in patients with ICA pseudo-occlusion.

2D-TOF MRA Follow-up Study of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Severely Stenotic Cervical Internal Carotid Artery

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 187-189
Author(s):  
T. Ueda ◽  
S. Yoshimura ◽  
Y. Kaku ◽  
S. Shirakami ◽  
T. Andoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Intimal Flap ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Percutaneous Transluminal ◽  
Cervical Internal Carotid Artery

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for severe arteriosclerotic stenosis in the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) was successfully carried out in 23 cases between December 1994 and August 1996. In order to analyze the condition of the cervical ICA in the early stage after PTA, 12 stenotic lesions of 11 cases were exposed to follow-up study of stenotic cervical ICA after PTA with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 1 to 150 days postoperatively. In six lesions, the diameter of the cervical ICA was dilated sequentially. In another four lesions, the diameter of the cervical ICA was decreased in the first three weeks and dilated over the next three weeks. Angiographically, these lesions had a small intimal flap at the balloon dilated portion, which was speculated to cause the turbulent flow in the first stage. In the remaining 2 lesions, restenotic changes in cervical ICAs were observed within three weeks after PTA. Follow-up angiography was performed over three months after PTA in five cases of this series and compared with MRA. Consequently, the diameters of the cervical ICA between angiography and MRA were closely correlated. The evaluation of the lesion after PTA of the cervical ICA demonstrated that MRA is beneficial, but within three weeks after PTA, caution should be paid for underestimation of the small intimal flap on MRA.

Influence of surgical reconstruction of the internal carotid artery on the hemodynamics of the eye in patients with chronic ischemic neuropathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
V.V. Tuzlaev ◽  
◽  
O.V. Kolenko ◽  
V.V. Egorov ◽  
I.Z. Kravchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Atherosclerotic Stenosis ◽  
Ica Stenosis

Purpose. To assess the effect of carotid endarterectomy (CE) on the hemodynamics of the eye, the neuroreceptor apparatus in patients with chronic ischemic neuroopticopathy (CIN) associated with hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Material and methods. The study included 20 patients (20 eyes) with unilateral CIN. In all cases, Doppler ultrasound was used to assess the parameters of the linear blood flow velocity in patients after CE. Results. Surgical reconstruction of the ICA in all patients led to an improvement in blood flow in the vessels of the eye, in ⅔ of cases it stopped the process of neurodegeneration in the optic nerve (optic nerve) and contributed to an increase in the maximum corrected visual acuity at a follow-up of 1 year. Conclusion. Our studies indicate the advisability of performing ICA CE in patients with CIN associated with hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic ICA stenosis. The question of the use of pharmacological neuroprotection of the optic nerve in the postoperative period of CE remains relevant. Key words: chronic ischemic neuroopticopathy, ocular ischemic syndrome, internal carotid artery, carotid endarterectomy.

scholarly journals Reperfusion strategies in stroke due to isolated cervical internal carotid artery occlusion: systematic review and treatment comparison

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Romoli ◽  
Maria Giulia Mosconi ◽  
Patrizia Pierini ◽  
Andrea Alberti ◽  
Michele Venti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Favorable Outcome ◽  
Cervical Internal Carotid Artery

Abstract Introduction Despite intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular treatment (EVT) have been demonstrated effective in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusions, there are still no conclusive data to guide treatment in stroke due to cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. We systematically reviewed available literature to compare IVT, EVT, and bridging (IVT + EVT) and define optimal treatment. Methods Systematic review followed predefined protocol (Open-Science-Framework osf.io/bfykj). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. Results were restricted to studies in English, with sample size ≥ 10 and follow-up ≥30 days. Primary outcomes were favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2), mortality, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH), defined according to study original report. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for bias assessment. Results Seven records of 930 screened were included in meta-analysis. Quality of studies was low-to-fair in 5, good in 2. IVT (n = 450) did not differ for favorable outcome and mortality compared to EVT (n = 150), though having lower rate of sICH (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8). Compared to IVT, bridging (IVT + EVT) was associated with higher rate of favorable outcome (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.7). Compared to EVT, bridging (IVT + EVT) provided higher rate of favorable outcome (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.4), with a marginally increased risk of sICH (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1–4.4) but similar mortality rates. Conclusions Our systematic review highlights that, in acute ischemic stroke associated with isolated cervical ICA occlusion, bridging (IVT + EVT) might lead to higher rate of functional independence at follow-up, without increasing mortality. The low quality of available studies prevents from drawing firm conclusions, and randomized-controlled clinical trials are critically needed to define optimal treatment in this AIS subgroup.

Common Carotid Artery Imbrication as an Adjunct to Carotid Endarterectomy to Prevent Postoperative Carotid Kinking

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-278
Author(s):  
Juergen Falkensammer ◽  
Albert G. Hakaim ◽  
W. Andrew Oldenburg ◽  
Todd B. Berland
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Duplex Ultrasound ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Patch Angioplasty ◽  
The Common

Mobilization of a tortuous carotid artery during endarterectomy may produce redundancy of the carotid artery, and kinking. We reviewed our experience with common carotid artery (CCA) imbrication as a technique to shorten the common and internal carotid artery postendarterectomy and to avoid carotid kinking. A retrospective chart review of 163 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy by the same surgeon between August 1998 and February 2006 was performed. All patients underwent conventional endarterectomy via a longitudinal arteriotomy with an indwelling shunt and patch angioplasty. Patients undergoing concomitant carotid artery imbrication were identified. Twelve patients who underwent carotid imbrication were identified. The mean age was 74.9 ± 8.8 years. Nine patients underwent imbrication of the CCA, and in three cases, the internal carotid artery was plicated. Follow-up duplex ultrasound examinations were available for 10 individuals and mean follow-up time was 10.7 months (range, 1–58 months). There were no cases of peri- or postoperative cerebral accidents and there was no case of restenosis. CCA imbrication as an adjunct to carotid endarterectomy is a feasible technique in preventing postoperative carotid kinking.

scholarly journals Long-term results of eversion surgeries for internal carotid artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-340
Author(s):  
I R Zakirov ◽  
I R Yagafarov ◽  
M G Khatypov ◽  
N G Sibagatullin ◽  
M Kh Zakirzyanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Eversion Endarterectomy

Aim. Analysis of long-term results of eversion carotid endarterectomy in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis.Methods. 272 eversion carotid endarterectomy surgeries was performed from June 2008 to December 2014 in the department of cardiac surgery. Long-term results were studied in 198 (73%) patients, with follow-up term ranging from 6 to 48 months. The method of operation serves as a criterion separating Patients were allocated into two groups by the surgery method: in the first group, eversion endarterectomy was performed by Kieny, in the second - by DeBakey.Results. Reconstructed ipsilateral internal carotid artery was passable during the follow-up period in 100% of cases, as confirmed by ultrasonography. In the late period, the mortality in the first group was 2.3% (myocardial infarction and cancer), compared to 1.5% in the second group (myocardial infarction). Acute ischemic stroke occurred in 0.8% of the first group patients and in 1.5% of the second group patients. Restenosis of 50 to 69% were discovered in 3.7% of cases in first group and in 3% in the second group. Restenosis ≥70% were found in 1.5% in both groups of patients.Conclusion. The obtained data confirm that both methods of eversion carotid endarterectomy are safe and reliable in treatment of carotid arteries atherosclerosis and, thus, preventing stroke.

Eversion carotid endarterectomy with transposition of the internal carotid artery according to A.N. Kazantsev. Hospital and long-term results.

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Anton N. Kazantsev ◽  
Konstantin P. Chernykh ◽  
Nona E. Zarkua ◽  
Artem D. Abdullaev ◽  
Anastasiya V. Povtoreiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Long Term Results

Aim. This study provides an analysis of the results of eversion carotid endarterectomy (CEE) with transposition of the internal carotid artery (ICA) over the hypoglossal nerve, according to A.N. Kazantsev. Materials and Methods. The given prospective open study covering the period from January 2017 to May 2020 involved 311 patients who underwent eversion CEE with transposition of ICA over the hypoglossal nerve, according to A.N. Kazantsev. Transposition was performed in the following way: after standard isolation of the carotid arteries, their compression, arteriosection, and removal of atherosclerotic plaque, ICA was extracted in the area above the hypoglossal nerve and was implanted to the same position. The condition of the patient was controlled on repeated visits to the clinic every six months. Hemodynamics in the reconstruction zone were studied using multispiral computed tomography with angiography of carotid bifurcation with 0.6 mm steps and processing the obtained results in Sim Vascular and Open Foam programs in DICON format. The follow-up period was 18.37.1 months. In case of development of restenosis, reCEE was performed with patch plasty of the reconstruction zone. For histologic examination, the restenosis area was stained by the van Gieson method. Results. In the hospital follow-up period, one case of myocardial infarction was noted that developed due to the stents thrombosis in the anterior descending artery deployed two years before. When studying the hemodynamic properties of carotid bifurcation in the postoperative period using computer modeling, in all cases, no changes or obstacles to blood flow were formed in the ICA in the area above the hypoglossal nerve. In the long-term follow-up period, two cases of lethal outcome were recorded connected with the onset of an oncological disease. In one case, due to recurrence of the pulmonary artery thromboembolism. In two cases, the cause of myocardial infarction was thrombosis/occlusion of venous anastomoses (in one patient to the circumflex artery, in the other to the right coronary artery). In four cases, repeated acute cerebrovascular accidents developed due to restenosis after CEE. In cases of significant restenosis (n=8), reCEE was performed with plasty of the reconstruction zone with a patch. The average restenosis period was 8.23.6 months. No cardiovascular complications and cases of hypoglossal nerve traumatization were identified. Intraoperatively, it was confirmed that restenosis was formed in the bifurcation zone, in front of the perimeter of the primary arteriosection. According to the results of histological examination, the main cause of all restenoses was hyperplasia of the neointima. Conclusion. The eversion CEE with the transposition of the ICA, according to A.N.Kazantsev, creates conditions for additional maneuvers in case of restenosis and implementation of reCEE. The ICAs placement over the hypoglossal nerve during primary CEE allows more confident isolation of carotid artery bifurcation from scar tissues with a zero risk of damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Such a course of the operation makes it possible to apply a clamp on the ICA and perform arteriotomy in any location without the threat of injury to the nerve structures.

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